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THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 


AS  AN  UNDERGRADUATE 

BY  DONALD  W1LHELM    ^      **     j& 


BOSTON.    JOHN  W.  LUCE 
AND    COMPANY,    MCMX 


Copyright,  1910, 

by  L.  E.  Bassett 

Boston,  Mass.,  U.  S.  A. 


cr. 

157 


Respectfully  Dedicated 

to 
ALBERT  BUSHNELL  HART, 

A  Classmate  of 
THEODORE  ROOSEVELT. 


FOREWORD. 


I  take  this  opportunity  to  express  my 
gratitude  to  Mr.  Roosevelt  for  the  privilege 
of  reprinting  such  of  his  essays  and  other 
compositions  as  appear  in  this  book.  Al- 
though he  has  not  read  my  manuscript,  several 
of  his  college  associates  and  classmates  have 
done  so,  and  to  them,  to  the  editors  of  the 
Harvard  "Graduates'  Magazine,"  "Crimson," 
and  "Advocate,"  and  to  all  the  other  Har- 
vard men  who  have  assisted  me,  I  express  my 
thanks.  The  hearty  interest  they  have  shown 
in  the  vigorous  little  man  who  trod  their 
path  for  a  time,  has  been  the  most  pleasing 
consideration  in  following  him  from  the  gate- 
way to  undergraduate  life  down  the  bright 
lane  to  the  portal  of  the  bigger  world. 

DONALD  WILHELM. 


CHAPTER  I 


ARRIVAL  AT  HARVARD  COLLEGE. 


AN  AUTUMN  wind  rouses  and  swirls 
the  dust  of  the  unpaved  triangle 
called  Harvard  Square ;  on  two  sides  of 
it  standing  close  to  one  another  are  stores, 
on  the  remaining  and  longest  side  a  three 
rail  wooden  fence  circles  a  group  of  quiet 
buildings  nestled  among  the  elms.  The 
tinkling  bell  of  an  approaching  horse  car 
is  heard  and  soon  the  car  itself  bumps  its  way 
around  the  curve  from  the  direction  of  Boston. 
A  thin-chested,  nervous,  spectacled  little  fel- 
low swings  himself  from  the  rear  platform, 
stands  for  a  moment  in  the  eddying  dust,  then 
turns  about,  passes  through  an  opening  in  the 
low  fence,  thence  between  two  of  the  old  build- 
ings and  finds  himself  in  a  rectangle  over- 
arched with  entwining  boughs  and  bounded  by 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

dignified  college  buildings.  To  one  of  these 
squarely  in  the  middle  of  the  side  opposite  to 
him  lead  all  the  gravel  paths,  and  to  it  ad- 
vances our  young  freshman. 

Three  years  before  at  a  family  luncheon  a 
guest  had  noticed  near  one  end  of  the  table 
this  same  lad,  with  his  spectacles  and  a  mouth 
like  a  band  of  blued  steel.  Round  his  plate 
were  scattered  dead  butterflies  and  beetles, 
which  he  studied  while  he  ate,  as  if  alone  by 
a  camp  fire  in  some  deep  forest.  Such  power 
of  concentration  in  a  boy  the  guest  had  never 
seen.  She  inquired  who  that  odd  little  fellow 
might  be,  and  was  told  in  a  voice  that  seemed 
softened  by  respect,  "Little  Theodore  Roose- 
velt, the  brightest  lad  of  all  the  family." 

For  generations  strong  ancestors  had  been 
shaping  the  character  of  this  boy  as  in  the 
years  long  before  they  had  struggled  in  the 
dykes  of  Holland  and  fought  among  the  crags 
of  Scotland.  His  father,  Theodore  Roosevelt, 
a  bearded  man  of  Dutch  descent  had  married 
Martha  Bulloch  of  Georgia,  a  beautiful  woman 
of  the  languorous  southern  type. 

When  this  son  Theodore  was  born  the  tense 
spirit  of  war  was  already  in  the  air  and  two 
years  later  the  guns  at  Sumter  were  to  crash. 


ARRIVAL  AT  HARVARD  COLLEGE 

With  wealth  and  influence  his  father  supported 
the  national  government  with  all  his  might; 
his  mother  sympathized  with  her  two  brothers, 
one  serving  the  Confederacy  abroad,  the  other 
destined  to  give  the  command  that  made  the 
last  gun  flicker  at  the  approaching  Kearsarge 
from  the  battered  side  of  the  Alabama.  From 
his  father  the  child  inherited  an  intense  ad- 
miration for  manliness,  his  homely  vigor  of 
mind  and  of  body;  from  his  mother  a  warm- 
hearted, impulsive  sincerity. 

Now,  a  lad  of  eighteen,  he  was  trudging  out 
from  the  shelter  of  home  and  kin  into  the 
realm  of  strange  faces  and  new  surroundings. 
Up  the  stone  steps  of  the  administrative  build- 
ing he  climbed  to  an  unpretentious  college 
room  and  there  leaned  low  over  a  desk  so  that 
he  could  see  as  he  registered  his  name  in  large 
boyish  writing.  Into  the  room  his  classmates, 
over  two  hundred  of  them,  came,  or  chatted 
in  groups  in  the  hall.  One  would  not  have 
chosen  him  to  excel  in  anything.  Most  of 
them  were  physically  stronger  than  he  —  in 
eyesight,  muscle,  and  endurance.  Some  had 
commanding  personalities  and  the  golden  gift 
of  making  friends.  Some  had  noteworthy  an- 
cestors. One,  taller  and  stroriger  than  he,  was 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

to  batter  him  in  a  boxing  match,  and  years 
later  cross  his  path  like  a  defiant  ship  out  of 
the  night,  and  disappear;  another,  whose  elec- 
tion to  the  captaincy  of  the  freshman  crew 
he  opposed,  was  to  serve  him  in  a  high  office 
of  the  nation;  another,  under  whom  he  was  to 
serve  on  the  editorial  board  of  the  "Harvard 
Advocate,"  was  to  edit  a  history  of  the  nation. 
All  looked  out  on  a  college  of  equal  oppor- 
tunities. Compared  with  the  Harvard  of  to- 
day, it  was  a  small  college  content  in  its  tradi- 
tions and  its  neighborly  solidarity;  there  were 
only  eight  hundred  students,  now  there  are 
twenty-three  hundred.  The  social  center  of 
this  little  community,  where  all  but  few  of 
the  undergraduates  lived,  was  the  college  Yard, 
the  quadrangle  with  its  covering  of  elms. 
There  was  no  "Union"  with  its  newspapers 
and  easy  chairs,  no  pretentious  clubs  and  but 
one  private  dormitory.  In  the  spring  under 
the  trees  in  the  Yard  the  undergraduates  lolled 
on  pillows  tossed  from  nearby  rooms,  and  in 
classes  —  for  the  elective  system  was  just  com- 
ing into  effect, — round  firesides,  and  in  ath- 
letics, they  mingled  so  frequently  that  many 
men  knew  all  their  classmates.  They  formed 
a  cordon  of  on-lookers,  the  only  fence,  while 


ARRIVAL  AT  HARVARD  COLLEGE 

watching  the  bright-clad  athletes  on  Jarvis 
Field.  They  applauded  contestants  in  the  old 
gymnasium,  now  but  an  alcove  in  a  gigantic 
system  of  museums,  or  fought  for  the  honor 
of  their  class.  On  these  contests  the  under- 
graduate publications  —  the  "Crimson,  the 
"Advocate,"  and  the  "Lampoon,"  just  coming 
into  existence — commented  with  the  intimate 
spirit  of  village  weekly  papers ;  indeed,  to  this 
neighborly  feeling  many  pf  the  instructors 
and  all  of  the  undergraduates  contributed; 
the  graduate  departments  were  not  prominent, 
there  were  few  men  on  the  outskirts  of  real 
college  life.  In  spirit,  then,  in  housing  and  in 
government  the  busy  center  of  learning  of  to- 
day is  as  different  from  the  little  village  of 
thirty  years  ago  as  the  tripling  of  numbers 
naturally  makes  it. 

In  this  little  community  every  element  of 
Roosevelt's  personality  was  to  get  new 
strength.  In  a  different  college,  one  may  say, 
he  would  have  developed  differently;  another 
may  say  there  never  was  a  man  so  fixed  in  his 
own  course  in  life,  but  it  is  reasonably  sure 
that  not  the  least  element  in  his  development 
was  the  influence  of  the  great  wealth  of  per- 
sonality Harvard  College  was  then  harboring 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

in  its  faculty  and  in  the  great  men  who  met  in 
its  shades.  As  a  disputatious  youth  who  ar- 
gued with  his  instructors  in  class,  who  sought 
out  their  friendship,  and  who  mingled  with 
great  men  in  club  house  and  in  chapter  room, 
Roosevelt  must  have  felt  their  influence  and 
known  their  example.  His  college  friends 
agree  that  never  have  they  known  a  man  who 
has  retained  the  characteristics  of  his  youth 
so  faithfully  as  Roosevelt  has  retained  them. 
His  undergraduate  life,  down  to  its  smallest 
details,  prefigured  the  Roosevelt  of  today. 


CHAPTER  II 


HIS  VARIETY  OF  INTERESTS. 


ROOSEVELT  was  one  of  those  rare 
men  who  can  stand  apart  and  survey 
their  own  lives  and  comprehend  their 
own  needs.  He  was  not  content  to  tramp 
along  with  other  undergraduates,  to  learn 
merely  what  they  learned,  but  he  must  desert 
into  new  paths  and  master  the  smallest  de- 
tails of  his  way.  He  has  confessed  that  one 
reason  why  he  has  succeeded  is  because  he 
has  consciously  put  himself  in  the  way  of 
learning  new  things  and  of  getting  new  ex- 
perience. His  unflagging  spirit  of  inquiry,  his 
precocious  desire  to  participate  in  national 
politics  and  to  have  a  voice  in  whatever  took 
place  about  him,  was  the  characteristic  of  an 
unusual  youth ;  although  there  have  been  some 
undergraduates  at  Harvard  more  popular,  there 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

have  been  few  whose  social  and  practical  in- 
terests were  so  judiciously  apportioned. 

Only  in  his  freshman  year  did  he  hold  him- 
self aloof  from  activities  outside  the  pale  of 
his  college  work.  He  was  one  of  eight  young 
men,  all  destined  for  prominence  in  college 
and  in  after  life,  who,  at  the  opening  of  college 
went  apart  from  the  other  students  at  Memor- 
ial Hall  to  organize  a  dining  club  in  a  house 
a  short  distance  from  the  Yard,  first  at  Mrs. 
Morgan's  on  Brattle  street,  and  for  the  last 
three  years,  at  Mrs.  Wilson's  on  Mt.  Auburn 
street.  Here,  round  an  unpretentious  table,  in 
a  bare  little  room,  he  was  to  cherish  contented- 
ly seven  of  his  most  intimate  friends.  He  never 
dined  regularly  at  Memorial  Hall.  He  was 
not  elected  a  member  of  the  Kappa  Nu,  the 
only  freshman  society,  nor  was  he  an  officer 
in  his  freshman  class.  Only  once  does  he 
stand  out  in  its  activities;  then,  in  a  meeting 
called  to  elect  a  new  captain  of  the  freshman 
crew,  Robert  Bacon,  he  climbed  on  a  chair  and 
in  his  first  stump  speech  quoted  Lincoln's 
time  worn  but  sound  aphorism  "that  it  is 
not  best  to  swap  horses  when  crossing  a 
stream." 

Th?  "society  fever"  at  Harvard  was  not  as 

8 


HIS  VARIETY  OF  INTEREST 

fervent  as  at  many  colleges.  The  clubs  had 
no  conspicuous  badges,  nor  costly  structures 
with  lofty  windows  and  iron-barred  doors. 
The  members  were  happy  with  simple  insignia 
hung  in  their  rooms  and  capacious  quarters 
where  good  fellowship  might  rule.  The  walls 
of  a  club  typical  of  those  to  which  Roosevelt 
belonged  were  adorned  with  engravings  and 
paintings  of  historic  and  classic  worth.  In 
one  corner  stood  a  piano  invitingly  open  with 
a  varied  collection  of  books  shelved  nearby; 
hung  in  a  little  alcove  waiting  to  be  used  were 
foils  and  fencing  masks,  boxing  gloves  and 
rifles,  and  a  roomy  stage  for  the  presentation 
of  student  theatricals  filled  one  end  of  the 
room. 

After  the  election  of  new  members  the  club 
marched  to  the  middle  of  the  Yard  and  there, 
round  a  leader,  they  spelled  in  unison  the 
names  of  the  chosen  men.  Time  after  time 
Roosevelt's  name  was  sent  floating  up  among 
the  elms,  and  roommates,  sitting  upright  in  bed, 
scrambled  to  the  open  window,  and,  when  the 
last  cheer  had  died  away  into  the  night,  often 
fell  to  talking  about  this  slender  little  man. 
Visitors  to  Roosevelt's  rooms  in  a  house  at 
1 6  Winthrop  street,  where  he  lived  alone  dur- 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

ing  his  entire  «college  course,  found  scattered 
among  college  pennants,  hunting  trophies,  and 
pictures  of  trap  and  chase  the  insignia  of  a 
dozen  organizations,  from  the  bronze  plate  of 
a  rowing  club  to  the  ribbons  of  the  Hasty 
Pudding. 

The  Hasty  Pudding  Club  was  one  of  the 
most  prized  of  those  devoted  primarily  to 
good  fellowship. 

To  this  were  usually  graduated  in  their  sen- 
ior year  the  members  of  the  Institute  of  1770, 
the  oldest  of  the  societies  at  Harvard.  Roose- 
velt was  among  the  first  fifteen  from  his  class 
to  be  chosen  for  the  Institute,  the  fifth  to  be 
chosen  for  the  Pudding  and  later  its  treasurer. 
He  was,  moreover,  a  member  of  the  Porcel- 
lian,  a  discriminating  and  expensive  organiza- 
tion, of  the  Alpha  Delta  Phi,  and  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Glee  Club.  There  were  other 
purely  social  organizations  at  Harvard  quite 
as  prominent,  but,  in  a  general  sense,  when  he 
entered  the  life  of  one  he  entered  the  life  of 
all. 

Another  evidence  that  at  the  end  of  four 
years  of  college  he  was  one  of  the  most  popu- 
lar men  in  his  class  is  that  he  was  one  of  six 
men  nominated  by  his  class  for  second  mar- 

10 


HIS  VARIETY  OF  INTEREST 

shal  and  though  failing  of  an  election  to 
that  position  was  chosen  a  member  of  the 
Class  Day  Committee,  and  an  efficient  member 
he  proved  to  be.  "At  about  quarter  to  seven," 
the  Crimson  said,  the  senior  class  was  called 
to  order  and  "nominations  were  made  for  chair- 
man of  the  Class  Day  Committee.  After  sev- 
eral nominations  and  withdrawals,  Messrs. 
Woodbury  and  Morgan  were  left,  and  Mr. 
Woodbury  was  elected.  The  election  was 
made  unanimous.  The  leading  candidates  for 
the  second  place  on  this  committee  were 
Messrs.  Bement  and  Roosevelt.  Mr.  Roosevelt 
was  elected." 

In  recognition  of  excellent  scholarship 
Roosevelt  was  chosen  in  his  senior  year  a 
member  of  the  honorary  society  of  Phi  Beta 
Kappa.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  presided  over 
the  Harvard  Chapter  and  Rev.  Edward  Everett 
Hale  and  Rev.  Phillips  Brooks  often  attended 
its  meetings.  These  men  were  also  members 
of  the  Alpha  Delta  Phi,  and  Roosevelt  met 
them  repeatedly.  He  also  met  the  historians, 
George  Bancroft  and  Charles  Francis  Adams 
and  the  poet,  James  Russell  Lowell,  then  a 
professor  in  the  college,  and  innumerable  other 
eminent  men  who  were  graduate  members  of 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

the  Hasty  Pudding  Club  and  returned  for  its 
annual  celebrations  each  year,  doubtless  to 
mingle  with  the  undergraduates  as  their 
guests. 

This  association  with  men  of  distinction  is 
perhaps  one  of  the  best  yet  least-reckoned  bene- 
fits of  such  social  organizations  as  those 
Roosevelt  belonged  to.  He  had  every  oppor- 
tunity to  estimate  his  own  capabilities,  not 
only  by  personal  acquaintance  with  them  but 
by  intimate  stories  told  at  club  dinners  and  in 
the  confiding  air  of  the  chapter  room  of  great 
men  gone  before. 

From  such  social  organizations  Roosevelt 
knew  he  derived  immense  good,  but  there  were 
others  wholly  different  from  which  he  might 
also  profit.  Of  such  was  the  Rifle  Club.  In 
competitions  held  on  the  grounds  of  the  Wa- 
tertown  Arsenal  Roosevelt  was  never  success- 
ful nevertheless  he  learned  substantially  all 
that  was  necessary,  and  when  the  Spanish  War 
broke  out  he  could  take  his  place  at  the  head 
of  his  Rough  Riders  confident  that  he  could 
use  a  rifle  efficiently  if  he  was  called  upon  to 
do  so. 

He  joined  the  Art  Club,  over  which  Profes- 
sor Charles  Eliot  Norton  presided,  and  was 

12 


HIS  VARIETY  OF  INTEREST 

soon  a  member  of  the  Natural  History  Society, 
flourishing  under  the  presidency 'of  that  re- 
markable man,  Professor  Nathaniel  Southgate 
Shaler.  In  the  absence  of  Professor  Shaler, 
Roosevelt  himself  presided,  for  he  was  elected 
undergraduate  vice-president  in  his  junior  year. 
As  a  boy  he  was  intensely  interested  in  natural 
history  and  his  constant  enthusiasm  was  one 
of  the  causes  of  Professor  Shaler  showing  such 
a  distinct  fondness  for  him.  When  the  great 
teacher  was  told  how  a  bag  of  lobsters  which 
Roosevelt  was  bringing  from  the  Boston 
wharves  for  dissection  escaped  confinement 
and  went  crawling  in  all  directions  over  the 
floor  of  a  crowded  street  car,  he  laughingly 
slapped  his  thigh  and  told  the  story  over  time 
and  again  at  a  meeting  of  the  faculty  the  fol- 
lowing day. 

Professor  Shaler  also  heard  how,  late  on  a 
rainy  night  four  students  who  lived  in  the 
same  house  with  Roosevelt  heard  the  frantic 
neighs  of  a  horse  in  a  neighboring  barn.  They 
called  to  one  another  through  the  dark,  donned 
their  clothes  and  gingerly  went  forth  to  ex- 
plore. In  the  barn  feverishly  striving  to  ex- 
tricate the  horse's  leg  from  a  hole  in  the  side 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

of  the  stall,  they  found  Roosevelt,  half- 
clothed,  hatless,  even  without  his  spectacles. 

About  a  year  before  Roosevelt  was  elected 
vice-president  of  the  Natural  History  Society, 
the  Crimson  said  that  the  "Society  have  on 
foot  a  project  to  utilize  the  valuable  dredging 
apparatus  in  the  possession  of  the  University. 
The  proposed  plan  is,  sometime  during  the 
spring  to  hire  a  steam  tug,  and,  during  a  two 
days'  cruise  in  Massachusetts  Bay,  to  gain  a 
practical  knowledge  of  sea  dredging."  This 
project  was  never  accomplished.  What  in- 
fluence it  had  on  Roosevelt's  election  can  only 
be  conjectured  but  it  is  safe  to  presume  that  he 
was  not  indifferent  to  any  such  plan. 

In  his  junior  year  Roosevelt  organized,  we 
are  told,  a  club  which  is  recalled  by  its  mem- 
bers as  one  of  the  bright  spots  in  their  under- 
graduate life.  This  was  the  Finance  Club. 
It  was  founded  as  the  outgrowth  of  interest 
in  a  course  given  by  Professor  Dunbar  on  the 
financial  history  of  the  United  States,  to  make 
a  study  of  the  currency  systems  of  other  na- 
tions, particularly  of  England.  For  a  time 
Roosevelt  presided  and  the  extraordinary 
swath  the  club  cut  in  the  field  of  undergrad- 
uate activities  was  in  great  measure  due  to  his 


HIS  VARIETY  OF  INTEREST 

energy.    The  Advocate,  in  editorials  of  differ- 
ent date  repeatedly  praised  the  organization: 

"The  Finance  Club  enters  the  field  for  the 
first  time,"  it  said.  "One  lecture  which  proved 
both  instructing  and  instructive  has  already 
been  given  under  its  auspices.  Two  more  are 
to  follow;  the  first,  by  Professor  Sumner  of 
Yale  on  'The  Relation  of  Legislation  to 
Money;'  and  the  second  by  Professor  Walker 
of  Yale  on  'The  Principles  of  Taxation.'".  .  . 

"The  enterprise  of  the  Finance  Club  met  with 
deserved  success  in  the  lecture  of  Professor 
Sumner  .  .  .  The  Theatre  was  well  filled,  a 
larger  body  of  students  beirig  present  than 
we  have  seen  on  such  an  occasion  in  Sanders 
for  years." .  . . 

"The  club  is  to  be  congratulated  on  the  suc- 
cess of  its  efforts  to  excite  interest  in  domestic 
subjects.  Organized  only  in  December  it  has 
already  had  five  papers  read  before  it  by  mem- 
bers and  has  given  four  public  lectures."  .  .  . 

A  year  later: 

"The  enterprise  of  the  Finance  Club  remains 
15 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

unabated.  Already  its  members  are  arranging 
for  a  course  of  lectures  for  next  year.  They 
have  secured  such  eminent  lecturers  as  Gen- 
eral Garfield  and  Abram  S.  Hewitt,  and  are  in 
correspondence  with  Secretary  Schurz." 

Another  club  the  results  from  which  were 
to  be  quite  as  useful  to  Roosevelt  in  future 
life  was  named  the  "O.  K.,"  a  paper  on  the 
meaning  of  its  name  being  read  by  each  candi- 
date at  the  initiation  supper. 

In  it  a  discussion  of  the  authorship  of  the 
"Letters  of  Junius"  occupied  three  of  the 
monthly  meetings.  When  Roosevelt's  turn 
came  to  read  a  paper,  his  subject  was  "The 
Machine  of  Politics."  The  tenor  of  the  club 
is  typified  by  these  subjects,  all  of  literary 
or  of  political  significance. 

Just  before  the  Presidential  election  of  1880 
intense  party  feeling  was  aroused  among  the 
students  and  an  informal  vote,  was  suggested, 
probably  by  Roosevelt,  as  he  was  put  in 
charge  of  the  polls.  The  candidates  voted  for 
were  iGrant,  Sherman,  Elaine,  Bayard  and 
others  of  less  importance.  His  classmates 
say  that  Roosevelt  voted  for  Senator  Bayard, 

16 


HIS  VARIETY  OF  INTEREST 

a  democrat.  Only  four  years  later,  after  two 
years  of  brilliant  effort  in  the  New  York  Leg- 
islature, he  was  forced  to  arrive  at  a  decision 
bound  to  affect  his  whole  future.  On  one  side 
he  found  the  Democratic  party,  with  George 
William  Curtis,  Secretary  Schurz,  and  most  of 
the  men  on  whom  he  put  strongest  reliance, 
on  the  other  side  a  Republican  party  appar- 
ently on  the  wane.  As  quick  of  decision  as 
Roosevelt  is  it  took  him  several  weeks  of  de- 
liberation on  his  western  ranch  before  he  de- 
cided to  publish  a  statement  affirming  his  al- 
legience  to  the  party  that  was  to  make  him 
President. 

From  the  editorials  in  the  Advocate  it  ap- 
pears that  Roosevelt  was  at  the  head  of  this 
student  movement  to  choose  a  President,  and, 
though  the  Republicans  outnumbered  the 
Democrats,  to  show  "that  intelligent  and  con- 
servative men  will  not  allow  party  affiliation 
to  rule  their  better  judgement  and  force  them 
to  support  an  unfit  or  corrupt  candidate"  or 
one  seeking  a  third  term.  In  its  appeal  to  stu- 
dents to  vote  the  paper  said  that  "No  doubt 
there  are  some  who  think  taking  an  informal 
vote  for  President  is  a  departure  from  the 
sphere  of  the  student  to  that  of  the  politician 

17 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

and  others  who  regard  it  as  only  time  thrown 
away  ...  It  should  not  be  forgotten  that  a 
representative  government  is  such  only  so 
long  as  the  whole  people  are  represented,  the 
intelligent  and  good,  as  well  as  the  ignorant 
and  bad,  and  that,  as  a  small  force  is  not 
infrequently  big  in  result,  the  indication  of 
the  choice  of  the  University  in  this  matter  may 
be  effective  in  securing  the  nomination  of  some 
man  who  is  a  type  of  the  best  American  citi- 
zen. The  gentleman  in  charge  of  the  polls  is 
a  proof  that  the  movement  is  not  one  of  idle 
curiosity,  but  of  earnest  purpose."  The  vote 
for  Bayard  was  233,  Grant  146,  Sherman  139; 
at  Yale  it  was  Grant  213,  Sherman  205,  Bay- 
ard 82. 

The  last  sentence  in  the  editorial  of  the 
Advocate  is  a  singular  tribute  to  an  under- 
graduate by  a  college  paper,  without  a  parallel 
in  any  of  the  college  publications  during  the 
four  years  Roosevelt  was  an  undergraduate. 
It  shows  as  nothing  else  could  that  he  was  rec- 
ognized as  a  leader  of  undergraduate  opinion. 

The  evening  the  informal  vote  was  an- 
nounced this  future  President  might  have  been 
seen  setting  out  for  Boston  with  a  torch  on 
his  shoulder  and  the  dusty  road  underfoot,  in 

18 


HIS  VARIETY  OF  INTEREST 

the  van  of  the  torchlight  parade.  It  was  going 
along  noisily  but  peaceably  through  a  street 
in  Cambridge  when  down  from  a  second-story 
window  was  bawled:  "Hush  up,  you  blooming 
freshmen!".  "Every  student  there,"  relates 
Professor  Hart,  "was  profoundly  indignant.  I 
noticed  one  little  man,  small  but  firmly  knit. 
He  had  slammed  his  torch  to  the  street.  His 
fists  quivered  like  steel  springs  and  swished 
through  the  air  as  if  plunging  a  hole  through 
a  mattress.  I  had  never  seen  a  man  so  angry 
before.  'It's  Roosevelt  from  New  York,'  some 
one  said.  I  made  an  effort  to  know  Roosevelt 
better  from  that  moment." 

Roosevelt  was  the  only  member  of  the  Dutch 
Reformed  Church  in  the  College;  in  fact  his 
name  appears  opposite  membership  in  that 
church  after  a  long  series  of  ciphers  for  pre- 
ceding classes.  He  was  liberal-minded  never- 
theless, and  his  very  liberalism  caused  him  as 
an  undergraduate  to  be  thrust  into  the  lime- 
light of  the  college  community  at  Cambridge 
quite  as  prominently  as  he  was  in  later  years 
at  Rome. 

At  the  beginning  of  his  senior  year  he  was 
engaged  to  teach  the  Sunday  School  at  Christ 
Church,  the  oldest  edifice  in  Cambridge, 

19 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

"Here  divine  service  was  held  December  31, 
1775,  General  and  Mrs.  Washington  being  pres- 
ent." Here  for  several  weeks  the  energetic 
young  teacher  turned  up  re'gularly  every  Sun- 
day afternoon  to  teach  young  people  religious 
tenets  as  he  conceived  them. 

One  day  the  report  spread  that  he  had  been 
summarily  removed  by  the  new  rector,  Doctor 
James  Field  Spaulding.  "The  news  spread 
about  college  like  flames  through  a  building," 
relates  one  of  Roosevelt's  classmates.  "We 
learned  Roosevelt  had  been  removed  because 
he  was  not  a  confirmed  member  of  the  Epis- 
copalian church.  Everybody  lauded  Roose- 
velt. The  instructor  in  one  of  our  courses  said 
something  about  religious  toleration  by  neigh- 
boring ministers,  and  the  students  cheered. 
One  professor  actually  withdrew  from  the  con- 
gregation. But  Roosevelt  did  not  take  the  oc- 
currence to  heart.  The  next  three  Sundays 
he  tau*ght  at  the  Church  of  the  Ascension  in 
East  Cambridge  and  then  continued  in  a 
church  in  Chestnut  Hill,  the  home  of  Miss  Lee, 
to  whom  he  was  engaged." 

Not  long  after  Roosevelt's  adventure  in 
teaching  Sunday  school,  one  evening  he  at- 
tended the  Boston  Theatre.  After  one  of  the 

20 


HIS  VARIETY  OF  INTEREST 

acts  a  group  of  undergraduates  gave  a  cheer 
for  Harvard.  The  ushers  remonstrated,  for 
trouble  with  students  had  been  experienced 
before,  and  Roosevelt  hurried  across  the  lobby 
and  remonstrated  with  the  ushers,  so  stren- 
uously that  he,  with  the  real  offenders,  was 
made  to  leave  the  theatre.  The  Boston  papers 
made  space  of  the  occurence.  Professor  Dun- 
bar  and  Professor  Shaler  found  the  accounts 
so  unfair  that  both  published  protests.  The 
Boston  Herald  designated  that  of  Professor 
Shaler  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly  as  a  "turgid 
stream  of  rhetoric,"  and  the  college  papers 
then  directed  their  editorial  comment  at  the 
Herald. 

Roosevelt  was  often  the  victim  of  caprice 
that  knew  not  the  regulator,  self  conscious- 
ness. He  was  not  an  ascetic,  yet,  "he  was, 
next  to  my  own  father,"  a  classmate  wrote 
to  Jacob  A.  Riis,  "the  purest-minded  man  I  ever 
knew."  There  is  no  evidence  that  he  ever 
smoked,  and,  what  is  more  significant,  no  evi- 
dence that  he  ever  tried  to.  Even  that  stern 
old  woodsman,  William  W.  Sewall,  with 
whom  Roosevelt  spent  his  summers  in  the 
Maine  forests,  comes  out  of  his  reticence  to 
write  that  he  never  met  a  man  with  such  ab- 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

solute  ideas  6f  right  and  wrong,  such  re- 
markable strength  on  the  one  hand,  such  lov- 
able sympathy  on  the  other. 

With  care  not  to  exaggerate  it  may  be  con- 
jectured that  in  the  history  of  Harvard  College 
there  have  been  few  undergraduates  with  an 
array  of  interests  more  varied  and  more  judi- 
ciously apportioned  than  Roosevelt's.  He 
delved  into  social  and  intellectual  life  so  en- 
thusiastically that  he  held  important  offices  in 
five  organizations  and  belonged  to  six  others, 
he  advocated  political  policies,  discussed  art 
and  natural  history,  heard  optional  lectures  on 
literature,  and  besides  teaching  Sunday  School, 
hunting  in  the  Maine  woods,  yachtirig  on  Long 
Island  Sound,  assisting  to  edit  a  college  paper, 
beginning  a  book,  and  manifesting  an  intense 
interest  in  athletics,  he  maintained  high  col- 
lege rank,  in  recognition  of  which  he  was 
elected  to  Phi  Beta  Kappa.  While  other  men 
followed  the  beaten  track  he  deserted  to  the 
farthest  reaches  of  undergraduate  life.  The 
leader  of  college  opinion  was  fitting  himself 
as  a  leader  of  opinion  in  his  country. 


22 


CHAPTER  III. 


HIS  STUDIES. 


THE  accurate  determination  of  any  man's 
college     rank     is     usually     of     small 
importance,     especially     after     thirty 
years     have     intervened     since     his     gradu- 
ation   and    his    worth    has    long    since    been 
tested     to     sterner     standards     than     those 
of    the    rank-list;     but    no    one    will    deny 
legitimate  curiosity,  perhaps  even,  of  scientific 
interest. 

Probably  no  one  is  less  curious  about  his 
college  marks  than  Mr.  Roosevelt;  perhaps  he 
never  knew  or  has  quite  forgotten  his  exact 
rank,  but  if  he  has  not  forgotten,  doubtless  he 
relishes  a  "certain  piquant  pleasure"  at  the 
visible  disproportion  between  his  college  rank 
and  his  success  in  after  life,  for  his  rank  in  a 
class  of  one  hundred  and  sixty-one  was  but 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

twenty-first,  the  same  as  Grant's  at  West 
Point,  about  the  same  as  that  of  Emerson  and 
of  Holmes  at  Harvard. 

There  is  a  difference,  as  Bacon  points  out, 
between  excellence  and  excelling.  Roosevelt 
went  to  Harvard  for  an  education,  he  did  not 
go  to  compete  for  marks.  Had  he  done  so 
he  would  have  taken  before  graduation  an  ex- 
amination for  final  honors  in  natural  history, 
a  special  mark  of  distinction  he  could  have 
easily  won.  "No  man  ever  came  to  Harvard 
more  serious  in  his  purpose  to  secure  first  of 
all  an  education,"  his  intimate  friend,  Ex- 
Governor  Curtis  Guild,  Jr.,  says,  "he  was  for- 
ever at  it,  and  probably  no  man  of  his  time 
read  more  extensively  or  deeply,  especially  in 
directions  that  did  not  count  on  the  honor-list 
or  marking-sheet.  He  had  the  happy  power 
of  abstraction,  and  nothing  was  more  common 
than  a  noisy  roomful  of  college  mates  with 
Roosevelt  frowning  with  intense  absorption 
over  a  book  in  the  corner.  He  did  not  read  for 
examinations  but  for  information." 

Of  academic  distinctions  he  won  but  few.  He 
did  not  win  a  prize  for  reading,  nor  for  English 
composition;  the  center-table  in  his  room  was 
not  adorned  with  a  "Detur,"  a  book  given  as 

24 


HIS  STUDIES 

a  special  mark  of  merit;  he  won  neither  sec- 
ond-year nor  final  honors  in  a  single  subject, 
and  he  did  not  deliver  the  "dissertation"  to 
which  he  was  entitled  at  Commencement.  The 
only  honorable  mention  set  down  in  his  degree 
was  in  natural  history.  His  political  antithesis, 
Josiah  Quincy,  who  shone  brightly  as  an  un- 
dergraduate, received  two  prizes  for  reading, 
one  for  speaking,  one  for  English  composition, 
a  "Detur,"  and  besides  being  a  prolific  and  able 
contributor  to  the  college  papers,  received  in 
his  degree  honorable  mention  in  Greek,  Latin, 
English  composition,  and  political  economy, 
and  delivered  a  dissertation  at  Commencement 
When  Roosevelt  was  at  Harvard,  as  to  a  les- 
ser extent  now,  a  student  had  to  take  certain 
prescribed  courses  in  fundamental  subjects. 
In  the  freshman  year  all  his  courses  were  pre- 
scribed although  a  freshman  could  enter  ad- 
vanced sections  of  certain  courses  if  he  had 
shown  unusual  efficiency  in  his  entrance  ex- 
aminations; in  the  sophomore  year  and  in  the 
junior  year  about  one-third  of  the  work  was 
prescribed,  in  the  senior  year  only  a  few  for- 
ensic themes.  In  addition  to  these  prescribed 
courses  each  sophomore  was  required  to 
choose  from  a  list  of  elective  studies  courses 

25 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

amounting  to  ten  exercises  a  week,  each  junior 
and  senior  courses  amounting  to  twelve  exer- 
cises a  week. 

These  elective  courses  were  intended  to  give 
a  student  considerable  freedom  to  follow  nat- 
ural "bent,"  and  those  selected  by  Roosevelt 
reflect  clearly  his  inclinations  as  an  under- 
graduate. Viewed  as  a  whole,  the  courses  he 
chose  were  essentially  "practical,"  as  distin- 
guished from  "literary"  or  "esthetic."  In  his 
college  work  as  in  his  morals  he  stood  with  his 
feet  firmly  planted  on  mother  earth.  He  knew 
the  keen  value  of  mathematics  and  of  science, 
he  felt  the  absolute  need  of  modern  languages. 
Each  year  his  love  and  appreciation  of  these 
studies  grew  and  at  the  end  the  plan  of  his 
college  work  was  a  well-moulded  and  con- 
sistent one. 

Just  one-half  of  Roosevelt's  total  elective 
work  was  devoted  to  natural  history,  almost 
a  third  to  modern  languages,  but  not  a  single 
hour  did  he  give  to  Latin  or  Greek,  not  a  sin- 
gle hour  to  English  composition  or  history. 
Grant,  leader  of  the  "largest  civilized  armies 
the  world  ever  saw,"  at  West  Point  read  nov- 
els and  almost  failed  to  pass  in  the  study  of 
army  tactics;  Webster,  scholar,  logician,  dis- 


HIS  STUDIES 

liked  Greek  and  hated  mathematics ;  Emerson, 
philosopher,  fared  not  too  well  in  philosophy; 
and  now  Roosevelt — historian,  journalist,  lover 
of  the  classics,  is  found  in  the  ranks  of  the 
anomalies.  He  took  no  more  history,  no  more 
literature,  no  more  classics  than  was  required, 
and  moreover,  in  the  single  Latin  and  Greek 
courses  that  were  required  he  failed  to  get  a 
grade  of  seventy  percent.  Indeed,  even  before 
he  entered  college  he  did  not  affect  the  classics, 
for  he  chose  the  set  of  entrance  examinations 
that  demanded  the  minimum  of  the  classics 
and  the  maximum  of  mathematics,  and  passed 
the  examination  in  mathematics  with  so  hfgh 
a  mark  that  he  was  admitted  with  a  very  few 
others  to  the  advanced  freshman  course.  Yet 
Mr.  Jacob  A.  Riis,  one  of  Roosevelt's  most 
intimate  biographers,  surmises,  "I  have  a  no- 
tion that  he  did  not  like  arithmetic.  I  feel 
it  in  my  bones,  somehow."  Who,  indeed, 
would  have  conceived  such  a  reversal  in  a 
man's  aptitudes?  Who  will  now  say  that  as 
the  boy  is  so  will  be  the  man,  or,  that  as  the 
man  is  so  was  the  boy? 

Mr.  Riis'  inference  suggests  another  that 
he,  Professor  Hu'go  Munsterberg  and  other 
writers  have  made,  that  Roosevelt,  who  has 

37 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

written,  as  well*  as  made,  so  much  history, 
must  have  delighted  in  the  study  of  English 
composition  and  of  history  when  an  under- 
graduate. Yet  he  took  only  the  prescribed 
courses  in  those  subjects. 

He  took  but  a  single  course  in  history,  that, 
in  his  sophomore  year,  a  not  very  comprehen- 
sive one  requiring  attendance  at  two  lectures 
a  week  during  one-half  the  college  year.  His 
required  work  in  English  composition  was 
more  comprehensive,  however,  extendirig 
through  the  first  half  of  his  sophomore  year 
and  through  his  junior  year  and  demanding 
four  forensic  themes  in  his  senior  year.  In 
these  courses  Mr.  Roosevelt  did  not  succeed 
too  well,  yet,  Mr.  Guild  says  that  "in  writing, 
Roosevelt's  ability  was  thoroughly  understood 
but  very  little  displayed,"  and  his  election  as 
an  editor  of  the  "Advocate"  was  a  recognition 
of  his  ability  to  write.  The  courses  in  com- 
position required  the  writing  of  sophomore 
themes,  junior  themes,  junior  forensics,  and 
senior  forensics.  In  junior  themes  he  obtained 
a  fair  place  on  the  rank-list,  but  in  the  other 
courses  his  name  is  missing,  that  is,  he  did  not 
get  a  grade  of  seventy  per  cent.;  and  in  one 
of  these  other  courses,  senior  forensics,  he  was 

28 


HIS  STUDIES 

one  of  the  very  few  men  whose  efforts  failed  to 
be  discerned  by  Professor  Andrew  Peabody, 
"that  much-loved  professor  whose  very  fail- 
ings leaned  to  the  rank-list  side."  Mr.  Roose- 
velt, like  most  writers,  is  not  proud  of  his 
college  themes  and  says  he  would  rather  they 
were  not  brought  into  the  light,  but  his  con- 
tributions to  the  college  papers  are  discussed 
in  another  chapter. 

There  was  a  reason,  and  a  just  one,  why 
Roosevelt  neglected  his  senior  forensics.  His 
friends  told  him  he  could  write  well,  and  now 
the  full-ripe  plan  of  his  first  book  dangled  be- 
fore his  eyes  ready  to  be  plucked  and  shaped 
by  his  eager  hand.  Who  would  not  choose  the 
writing  of  a  book  to  the  writing  of  college 
themes?  And  who  cannot  picture  the  impa- 
tient Roosevelt  fretting  within  the  limits  of 
theme  paper  and  fifteen  hundred  words?  Who 
cannot  see  him  trying  to  tear  himself  away 
to  fields  of  larger  endeavor  and  greater  deed? 

As  for  his  rank  in  other  studies  —  in  his 
single  history  course,  as  in  most  of  his  pre- 
scribed courses,  that  is,  in  rhetoric,  logic,  and 
psychology,  Roosevelt's  marks  were  high.  In 
all  of  his  elective  courses,  except  one  in  French 
given  once  a  week,  his  name  is  found  on  the 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

rank-list  well  toward  the  top ;  in  eight  of  these 
elective  courses'  his  mark  is  eighty-nine  per 
cent,  or  over,  and  in  one  of  them,  a  popular 
but  not  easy  course  in  political  economy,  his 
name  is  first  upon  the  printed  rank-list.  In 
his  advanced  courses  in  political  economy, 
involving  the  study  of  Cairnes,  McLeod,  and 
Bastiat,  his  marks  were  commendable.  Of  his 
German  courses,  one  was  "historic  prose" 
and  the  other  two  were  devoted  to  composition 
and  oral  exercises.  His  courses  in  Italian  re- 
quired a  great  amount  of  reading  and  ap- 
proached more  nearly  to  pure  literature  than 
any  of  his  chosen  studies. 

The  term  "natural  history"  comprehended 
more  thirty  years  ago  than  now.  Roosevelt's 
courses  in  that  subject,  in  which  he  received 
honorable  mention  in  his  degree,  included  com- 
parative anatomy  and  physiology  of  ver- 
tebrates, elementary  botany,  physical  'geogra- 
phy and  meteorology,  geology,  and  elementary 
and  advanced  zoology.  In  all  these  subjects 
he  succeded  in  getting  marks  so  high  that  he 
could  easily  have  won  final  honors,  which  are 
prized  far  more  highly  than  honorable  men- 
tion, by  taking  extra  examinations;  but  have- 
ing  got  substantially  all  he  could  from  his 

30 


HIS  STUDIES 

college  course  he  cared  little  for  the  laurel  — 
he  went  to  college,  we  have  seen,  not  for  fine 
marks  but  for  an  education. 

Roosevelt  was  a  disputatious  youth  whose 
presence  in  class  was  always  felt.  In  his  fresh- 
man year  he  disturbed  a  class  when  the  in- 
structor, calling  the  roll  for  the  first  time, 
addressed  him  as  "Ruse-felt."  The  spectacled 
little  man  was  instantly  on  his  feet  insisting 
very  earnestly  that  he  was  of  Dutch  descent 
and  his  name  should  be  pronounced  "Rose- 
velt."  A  thousand  times  since  that  day  he  has 
heard  people  mispronounce  his  name  and  if  one 
listens  to  one's  neighbor  one  concludes  that  / 
half  the  nation  go  on  saying  "Ruse-felt"  or  ^ 
"Rus-e-velt"  for  "Rose-velt." 

Roosevelt's  classmates  remember  a  slender 
nervous  young  man  with  side-whiskers,  eye- 
glasses, and  bright  red  cheeks  red-hued  from 
a  bright  necktie,  who  climbed  with  them  in 
the  freshman  year  to  a  small  recitation  room 
on  the  top  floor  of  University  Hall.  "We 
were  having  problems  from  Todhunter's  Plane 
Trigonometry,"  one  of  them  writes,  "and  they 
were  more  difficult  than  any  given  before.  In 
those  years  if  the  instructor  did  not  arrive  be- 
fore five  minutes  past  the  hour  at  which  the 

31 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

lecture  was  to  commence  we  were  allowed  a 
'cut.'  This  day  we  looked  into  the  room, 
compared  our  watches  and  lingered  in  the 
hall  until  the  time  was  up.  Then  we  romped 
down  stairs ;  that  is,  most  of  us  did ;  but  there 
was  one  youth  who  was  there  for  business. 
He  went  into  the  room,  looked  at  the  black- 
board just  at  the  right  of  the  door  and  found 
it  covered  with  trigonometric  formulae.  One 
after  another  he  read,  following  the  blackboard 
round  the  room,  and  when  he  had  almost 
reached  the  end  he  all  but  bumped  into  the 
engrossed  instructor  writing  away  behind  the 
open  door.  We  were  sauntering  across  the 
Yard  when  we  heard  Roosevelt  shout  from  the 
steps.  'Come  on  back  fellows.  He's  behind 
the  door.' " 

The  students  in  sophomore  rhetoric  remem- 
ber that  Roosevelt  was  the  first  to  question 
the  instructor,  that  thin-voiced,  sandy-haired, 
blue-eyed  man,  that  famous  rhetorician,  Adams 
Sherman  Hill.  Most  of  the  class,  one  of  its 
members  said,  were  quite  satisfied  to  take  what 
was  given  them,  but  "Roosevelt  was  always 
asking  questions,  always  pinning  the  instruc- 
tor down  to  hairbreadth  points."  Professor 
Hill  grew  tired,  as  professors  in  their  dignity 

32 


HIS  STUDIES 

do,  of  having  this  over-zealous  censor  wait  on 
his  remarks,  and  looked  about  for  a  gentle  way 
to  silence  him;  perhaps  he  learned  it  in  con- 
versation with  other  instructors  about  Roose- 
velt, perhaps  he  divined  it  one  bright  day  when 
he  was  reading  to  the  class  a  theme  as  an  ex- 
ample of  precocious  sentimentality.  For  sud- 
denly, so  one  of  the  students  says,  he  paused 
and  looked  thoughtfully  at  Roosevelt;  then  he 
asked  him  to  criticise  the  ,theme.  The  censor 
for  once  lacked  his  usual  assertiveness,  and 
Professor  Hill  seemed  encouraged.  A  second 
later  he  glanced  up  and  asked  Roosevelt  to 
state  specifically  what  he  thought  of  under- 
graduates prematurely  falling  in  love.  Roose- 
velt stammered  and  was  quiet,  and  the  class 
laughed  cruelly  and  long,  and  soon  all  the  col- 
lege knew,  when  they  turned  and  saw  him 
blushing  as  furiously  as  a  girl. 

Roosevelt  always  took  his  inclination  to 
question  and  to  investigate  with  him ;  he  never 
got  through  investigating  and  being  investi- 
gated, he  wrote  to  the  secretary  of  his  class 
years  later  when  Civil  Service  Commissioner. 
One  such  man  in  a  community  is  often  dis- 
concerting, but  two  seek  one  another  out  like 
giants  of  the  woods.  They  always  respect 

33 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

one  another  and  they  are  always  happy  to- 
gether, just  as  they  would  be  if  turned  adrift 
on  a  flood  or  left  in  the  middle  of  the  Sahara. 

The  two  score  of  undergraduates  in  Geol- 
ogy IV,  a  course  conducted  by  Professor  Sha- 
ler,  still  remember  a  scene  in  a  small  low-ceiled 
classroom  at  Harvard  thirty  years  ago.  That 
tall,  light-haired  man,  with  his  bright  eyes 
gleaming  out  of  a  bushy  beard,  moved  about 
with  his  startling  activity  on  a  small  platform. 
He  talked  and  illustrated,  now  facing  a  chart, 
now  facing  the  students  gathered  in  a  semi- 
circle at  long  uncomfortable  red  plank  desks. 
They  felt  that  the  little  room  had  an  air  of 
home-like  informality,  that  the  impromptu 
words  of  the  master  were  falling  like  the  pleas- 
ant discourse  of  a  father  to  his  son.  He  made 
them  feel  free  to  show  their  interest  by  asking 
questions,  but  they  felt  that  questions  bothered 
him,  trying  as  he  was  to  review  a  large  field 
of  knowledge  in  a  short  time;  they  felt,  in 
fact,  that  questions  had  been  showering  too 
rapidly  upon  him  —  that  over-live  Roosevelt 
with  his  abounding  curiosity  asked  most  of 
them. 

They  had  just  settled  on  the  hard  benches 
and  the  lecture  was  hardly  under  way.  Pro- 

$4 


HIS  STUDIES 

fessor  Shaler  was  facing  a  chart,  pointer  in 
hand,  talking.  In  a  few  moments  they  were 
sitting  erect,  marvelling  at  a  point  as  it  was 
driven  skilfully  to  the  close  of  a  perfect  rhetor- 
ical climax.  Then  a  disharmonizing,  vehement 
question  broke  in  and  anticipated  the  conclu- 
sion. 

Again  they  were  sitting  erect,  following 
with  eager  interest  a  long  periodic  sentence 
rolling  melodiously  from  the  lips  of  the  mas- 
ter. Again  a  question  in  that  same  vehement 
voice  interposed,  and  again  the  master  an- 
swered. .He  turned  back  to  the  chart: 

"As  I  was  saying,  gentlemen,  when  Mr. 
Roosevelt  asked  his  second  question."  And 
those  who  were  near  Roosevelt  saw  his  bright 
eyes  twinkle.  Then,  sharp  as  two  taps  of  the 
pointer  on  the  chart,  they  heard  two  questions 
pop  into  the  expectant  air.  The  gray-bearded 
teacher  whirled  about  and  a  storm  was  in  his 
bright  eyes. 

"Now  look  here,  Roosevelt,"  he  said,  "let 
me  talk.  I'm  running  this  course."  The 
storm  had  gone  in  a  playful  gust. 

No  wonder  Roosevelt  loved  this  soldier, 
writer,  scientist  and  man  of  action,  who  had 
walked  round  the  coast  of  the  British  Isle  on 

35 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

a  pleasure  jaunt.  If  one  could  detect  the  in- 
fluence one  man  has  on  another,  half  the  prob- 
lem of  biography  would  be  solved,  but  this  be- 
loved old  man  was  long  a  peculiar  inspiration 
to  Harvard  men.  "Is  it  a  mere  conceit,"  as 
Mr.  Ranlett  asks,  "  to  think  that  from  the 
study  of  Nathaniel  Southgate  Shaler,  keen  ob- 
server, good  fighter,  good  friend,  hater  of 
shams,  some  strong  and  vital  emanation  of 
spirit  may  have  passed  into  the  character  of 
Theodore  Roosevelt?" 


CHAPTER  IV. 


AS  AN  UNDERGRADUATE  JOURNALIST 


ONE  autumn  afternoon  in  his  senior  year 
Roosevelt  moved  about  among  the 
shelves  of  the  college  library  seeking 
a  subject  for  a  forensic  theme.  Quite  una- 
ware that  in  that  busy  and  ordinary  place  he 
was  to  take  his  first  great  stride  into  the 
world's  activities,  he  stood  before  one  shelf 
after  another,  his  hands  deep  in  his  trousers 
pockets.  Now  he  pulled  down  a  book,  only  to 
shove  it  energetically  back  into  place,  now  he 
rested  one  in  his  left  hand  and  turned  its 
leaves  with  his  right.  Finally  he  reached  for 
a  dusty  green-backed  old  volume  crowded 
against  the  wall.  With  real  affection  he 
glanced  at  the  well-worn  name  of  the  author — 
the  author  he  had  loved  as  a  boy  for  his  tales 
of  sea  and  of  war,  that  popular  writer  a  few 
generations  ago,  James  Fenimore  Cooper. 

37 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

But  now  boyish  days  were  past  and  not  as 
a  boy  did  he  turn  the  dog-eared  leaves.  He 
remembered  his  uncle,  a  naval  officer,  regret- 
ting that  there  was  no  trustworthy  historian 
of  the  naval  aspects  of  the  War  of  1812.  At 
a  time  when  unprejudiced  assertion  was  un- 
locked for  and  partiality  was  considered  pat- 
riotism, James  had  written  for  Englishmen, 
Cooper  for  Americans.  Only  absolute  fair- 
ness, Roosevelt  knew,  only  a  mind  so  precise 
that  Americans  and  Englishmen  must  agree 
with  it,  could  reconcile  their  works.  He 
seated  himself  at  one  of  the  long  reading  ta- 
bles with  the  dusty  old  volume  in  front  of 
him  and  thought  no  more  of  his  college  theme 
that  day. 

A  few  months  later  the  "Crimson"  said  that 
a  "prominent  member  of  '  '80*  had  of  late 
'turned  editor.' "  Two  years  later  this  prom- 
inent member  had  finished  "The  Naval  War 
of  1812."  In  the  preface  occurred  these  words : 

"It  is  worth  while  to  study  with  some  care 
that  period  of  our  history  during  which  our 
navy  stood  at  the  highest  pitch  of  its  fame; 
and  to  learn  anything  from  its  past  it  is  neces- 
sary to  know,  as  near  as  may  be,  the  exact 


AS  AN  UNDERGRADUATE  JOURNALIST 

truth.  Accordingly  the  work  should  be  writ- 
ten impartially,  if  only  from  the  narrowest 
motives.  Without  abating  a  jot  from  one's 
devotion  to  his  country  and  flag,  I  think  a 
history  can  be  made  just  enough  to  warrant  its 
being  received  as  an  authority  equally  among 
Americans  and  Englishmen." 

Only  a  short  time  afterwards  the  English- 
men themselves  recognized  the  young  Ameri- 
can historian  by  asking  him  to  write  the  chap- 
ter on  the  naval  operations  of  the  War  of  1812 
for  the  "History  of  the  Royal  Navy." 

Roosevelt  dived  deeper  into  literature  than 
he  had  first  planned  to  do,  for  his  avowed  pro- 
fession during  the  last  years  of  his  college 
course  was  journalism. 

The  perfect  education  of  a  journalist  is  an 
old  question  which  educators  have  argued, 
about  which  our  greatest  journalists  have 
agreed.  They  have  been  consonant  in  this: 
that  a  journalist  should  have  a  plenteous  store 
of  information  about  all  a  newspaper  is  con- 
cerned with;  that  he  must  learn  to  work  as 
persistently  as  news  is  in  coming  in;  that  he 
must  get  on  with  his  fellows,  must  know  how 
to  write  clearly,  accurately  and  fearlessly. 

39 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

Even  when  in  college  Roosevelt  seems  to 
have  felt  that  a  journalist  should  know  some- 
thing about  everything  —  enough  business  to 
discover  a  merchant's  profits,  enough  theology 
to  criticise  the  reasoning  of  the  preacher, 
enough  law  to  judge  of  the  logic  of  the  lawyer, 
enough  general  information  to  understand  the 
bulletins  of  a  physician,  the  machinations  of 
politician  or  pawnbroker.  He  set  about  to 
store  this  information  with  the  scientific  zeal 
with  which  he  strove  to  build  up  a  weak 
body.  He  fed  habitually  on  what  was  at  hand ; 
if  a  newspaper  or  a  book  he  studied  it;  if  a 
college  lecture  he  questioned;  if  he  walked  in 
the  fields,  he  studied  nature;  if  rowing,  he 
watched  the  toiling  oarsmen  in  the  next 
wherry;  if  an  athletic  contest,  he  noted  how 
the  runner  braced  and  flung  himself  forward 
at  the  shot ;  if  a  meeting  with  his  fellows  round 
a  fireside  or  under  the  elms  in  the  Yard  he 
studied  them  and  learned  the  secrets  of  their 
personalities,  discovered  their  weaknesses  and 
their  powers.  The  naturalist  looks  out  on  the 
universe  from  the  point  of  view  of  a  naturalist ; 
the  physicist,  lawyer  and  moralist  look  out 
from  theirs;  the  student  of  languages  glances 
over  his  book  on  a  certain  perspective,  a  per- 

40 


AS  AN  UNDERGRADUATE  JOURNALIST 

spective  differing  from  that  of  the  scientist  in 
his  laboratory  or  the  mathematician  in  his 
study.  Each  of  these  men,  every  man  in  all  the 
world,  sees  his  surroundings  in  a  certain  in- 
dividual light,  and  each  observes  more  sharply 
within  a  certain  familiar  field.  This  rule  of 
familiarity  holds  in  the  smallest  acts  of  life  — 
the  winding  of  a  watch,  the  stroke  of  a  tennis 
racquet.  Consider  now  from  what  different 
points  of  view,  with  what  enthusiasm  for  each, 
this  self-centered  youth  must  have  looked  on 
all  that  goes  to  make  environment. 

"Never  have  I  seen  or  read  of  a  man  with 
such  an  amazing  array  of  interests,"  says  Hon. 
John  Woodbury,  one  of  Roosevelt's  classmates. 
"He  used  to  stop  men  in  the  Yard,  or  call  them 
to  him.  Then  he  would  block  the  narrow 
gravel  path  and  soon  make  sparks  from  an 
argument  fly.  He  was  so  enthusiastic  and  had 
such  a  startling  array  of  deeply-rooted  inter- 
ests that  we  all  thought  he  would  make  a  great 
journalist." 

No  one  has  denied  that  Roosevelt  has  a 
ponderous  store  of  fact,  no  one  has  denied  that 
he  is  a  relentless  worker,  that  he  gets  on  with 
his  fellows,  that  he  writes  clearly,  accurately, 
and  fearlessly.  Yet  these  are  the  simpler 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

characteristics  that  great  journalists  thought 
necessary  to  their  profession.  And  who  will 
deny  that  Roosevelt  has  the  intuitive  power 
of  a  great  public  leader,  a  power  that  runs 
along  ahead,  coach-dog  fashion,  pointing  out 
the  way  that  slow-moving  public  opinion  is  to 
traverse?  He  had  that  power  of  rushing  to 
conclusions  when  an  undergraduate.  In  the 
man  it  has  been  called  impulse,  politics,  or 
radicalism. 

Roosevelt's  is  the  typification  of  the  Ameri- 
can mind.  His  conclusions  seem  to  come  in- 
tuitively, as  quickly  as  those  of  a  woman,  with 
quite  as  surprising  rapidity  as  Jackson's  did 
a  century  ago.  It  makes  him  dangerous  in 
theory;  in  practice  it  makes  him  immensely 
popular. 

Although  the  similarity  has  not  been  pointed 
out,  he  is  remarkably  like  Jackson  in  many 
ways.  A  few  years  ago  the  nation  thundered 
applause  for  the  doughty  leader  of  the  Rough- 
Riders,  a  century  before  the  rash  old  soldier 
thundered  at  his  troops  in  the  Everglades ;  the 
leader  of  the  Rough-Riders  had  entered  poli- 
tics as  an  avocation  and  the  indomitable  old 
man  before  him  was  forced  to  do  so ;  the  young 
element  of  the  West  found  an  ideal  in  Roose- 


42 


AS  AN  UNDERGRADUATE  JOURNALIST 

velt  and  demanded  his  nomination  as  Vice- 
President,  just  as  a  century  before  the  young 
men  came  out  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  and 
put  Jackson  into  office;  there  he  waged  war 
on  a  Congress  often  recalcitrant  or  inert  by 
apjealing  to  public  opinion,  and  a  century 
later  Roosevelt's  relations  with  Congress  were 
almost  the  same.  What  will  be  remembered, 
however,  as  even  more  remarkable  than  the 
similarity  in  their  relations  to  history,  will  be 
that  both  had  this  peculiar  type  of  intuitive 
mind,  acting  not  merely  in  politics  but  in  the 
smallest  affairs  of  life. 

But  Roosevelt  has,  what  Jackson  did  not 
have  —  that  bigness  of  soul  found  so 'gloriously 
common  in  the  utterances  of  the  great  men  of 
Greece  and  Rome.  To  the  spirit  of  many  of 
these  men,  Thucydides,  for  one,  the  spirit  of 
Roosevelt's  utterances  is  remarkably  analo- 
gous. His  messages  and  the  "Strenuous  Life" 
have  been  found  adapted  to  translation  into 
Greek  and  into  Latin.  Nevertheless,  if  we  may 
judge  by  random  selections,  we  have  the  puzzl- 
ing consideration  that  Roosevelt  employs 
fewer  words  of  classic  origin  than  Lincoln  did, 
and  Lincoln,  we  know,  used  in  some  passages 
fewer  Latinized  words  than  are  found  on  many 

43 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

pages  of  the  "Pilgrim's  Progress,"  the  ideal 
typification  of  almost  pure  Saxon. 

Roosevelt  has,  apparently,  fewer  words  of 
Latin  derivation  in  his  messages  than  in  his 
essays,  fewer  still  in  his  letters;  —  the  less 
literary  is  his  effort,  the  fewer  words  of  classic 
derivation  does  he  use.  He  employs  only  as 
many  such  words  as  are  absolutely  necessary 
to  make  his  meaning  clear,  in  fact  sometimes 
he  chooses  several  Saxon  words  where  one 
Latinized  one  would  suffice.  Even  as  an  un- 
dergraduate he  preferred  the  Saxon.  His  com- 
positions then,  such  as  are  preserved,  although 
about  athletics,  a  subject  which  requires  ex- 
pressions of  modern  origin,  have  even  fewer 
of  the  old  words  than  his  later  writings.  He 
loves  classic  literature,  evidently,  and  reads 
it  for  what  it  is,  but  loves  his  own  literature 
better  and  finds  it  more  in  harmony  with  the 
expression  of  his  thoughts.  Doubtless  in  dic- 
tating—  for  he  dictates  nearly  everything  he 
writes  —  he  uses  the  first  word  that  comes  into 
his  mind,  and  such  words  are  usually  Saxon. 
This  fondness  for  modern  languages  has  never 
left  him  open  to  the  accusation  of  not  making 
his  meanirig  clear;  his  utterances  percolate  to 
the  most  uneducated  and  to  the  most  cultured, 

44 


AS  AN  UNDERGRADUATE  JOURNALIST 

and,  like  a  wandering  prince,  everywhere  he 
is  understood  and  the  force  of  what  he  says 
is  felt. 

So  Roosevelt's  bigness  of  soul  is  not  literary 
skill;  it  must  be  personality.  In  Lincoln's 
speech  at  Gettysburg  there  is  more  than  great 
benignant  earnestness,  more  than  a  certain 
restraint  and  the  feeling  of  war  itself,  more 
than  a  wonderful  choice  of  words,  "there  is 
something  else  there."  This  unknown  quality 
is  found,  though  in  a  less  degree,  in  Washing- 
ton's Farewell  Address.  If  Lincoln  had  been 
a  contented  lawyer  during  the  years  previous 
to  his  famous  speech  instead  of  a  sad-faced 
man  watching  the  nation  crush  at  his  feet  like 
floating  ice,  if  Washington  had  been  a  con- 
tented farmer  instead  of  a  disheartened  soldier 
and  a  maligned  President,  their  words  would 
not  have  fallen  like  flakes  of  fire;  the  distin- 
guished strength  would  have  been  wanting. 
It  seems  to  come  from  only  a  great  personality 
kindled  by  intense  emotion.  Roosevelt  has  not 
suffered  as  Lincoln  or  Washington  did,  yet 
he  has  suffered  more  acutely  than  most  men. 
At  one  time  he  was  hurrying  from  Europe  to 
the  funeral  of  his  fair  young  wife,  to  the  death- 
bed of  his  beautiful  little  mother.  At  another 

45 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

time  a  dying  President  lay  in  a  city  quaking 
with  shouldering  crowds,  and  afar  off,  amid 
the  balmy  febrifuge  of  mountains  and  pines, 
he  was  pacing  back  and  forth  before  a  lighted 
cottage,  awaiting  the  word  that  was  to  raise 
him  to  the  highest  office  of  his  nation.  Such 
a  crisis  fired  the  soul  of  Vice-President  Ar- 
thur with  new  strength ;  perhaps  it  gave  Roose- 
velt that  peculiar  power  that  makes  his  utter- 
ances so  effective. 

Roosevelt's  writings  first  impress  one  as  ad- 
monitory, for  it  is  the  privilege  of  a  public  man 
to  be  admonitory,  then  as  friendly,  then  as 
almost  paternal.  No  man  ever  knew  the  power 
of  iteration  better  than  he.  He  would  have 
made  a  great  preacher  and  there  is  room  for 
one.  "Without  being  fanciful,  we  may  fairly 
think"  that  this  pleading  for  the  ideal  "comes 
down  to  him  from  those  ancestors  of  his  own 
who  died  in  the  dykes  of  Holland,  for  the 
freedom  of  their  country  and  for  their  re- 
ligious faith  or  who  gave  up  their  lives  in 
support  of  the  Convenant  among  the  rugged 
hills  of  Scotland." 

So  Roosevelt  is  sincere,  Roosevelt  is  earnest, 
Roosevelt  is  a  practical  idealist.  Now  let  us 
go  back  thirty  years  and  see  if  all  these  char- 

46 


AS  AN  UNDERGRADUATE  JOURNALIST 

acteristics  are  not  found  in  a  single  excerpt 
from  one  of  his  editorials  in  the  "Harvard 
Advocate : 

"The  football  season  is  now  fairly  opened 
and  it  is  well  to  take  a  glance  at  what  our 
rivals  are  doing  ...  At  present  it  hardly  seems 
as  if  the  team  would  be  as  good  as  last  year's, 
but  their  playing  is  improving  every  day,  and 
nothing  but  very  hard  work  will  enable  our 
men  to  win  the  victory  .  . .  What  is  most  nec- 
essary is,  that  every  man  should  realize  the 
necessity  of  faithful  and  honest  work,  every 
afternoon.  Last  year  we  had  good  individual 
players,  but  they  did  not  work  together  nearly 
as  well  as  the  Princeton  team,  and  were  not 
in  as  good  condition  as  the  Yale  men.  The 
football  season  is  short;  and  while  it  does  last, 
the  men  ought  to  work  faithfully,  if  they  ex- 
pect to  win  back  for  Harvard  the  position  she 
held  three  years  ago." 

Seldom  do  undergraduates  rise  up  and 
preach  to  other  undergraduates;  usually  they 
only  strive  to  be  agreeable.  Yet  this  excerpt 
is  from  one  of  three  little  sermons  wedged  in 
college  trivialities  and  fun.  They  stand  out 
because  they  are  so  earnest,  because  they  are 

47 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

frank,  because  they  preach,  they  preach  the 
doctrines  of  hard  work. 

Roosevelt  was  not  active  as  an  undergraduate 
journalist.  The  three  articles  that  he  wrote, 
two  of  which  are  signed  by  the  initial  "R," 
were  arranged  for  at  a  meeting  of  the  editorial 
board  of  the  paper  shortly  before  the  issue  of 
October  17,  1879,  in  which  they  appeared  and 
in  which  his  editorialship  was  announced..  He 
did  not  enter  a  competition  for  his  place  on  the 
board  but  was  made  an  editor,  Professor  Hart, 
who  was  President,  says,  because  he  was  rec- 
ognized as  an  able  writer.  He  rarely  attended 
the  meetings  of  the  board.  Though  not  lack- 
ing in  enthusiasm  he  was  overwhelmed  with 
accumulating  activities.  About  this  time  he 
resigned  from  his  office  in  the  Natural  History 
Society.  He  was  at  work  on  his  book,  and, 
moreover,  he  was  all  but  engaged  to  Miss 
Lee. 


CHAPTER  V 


IN  ATHLETICS 


IT  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  Roosevelt,  the 
frail  little  freshman  of  a  hundred  pounds, 
thotfgh  he  could  not  hope  to  attain  a  place 
on  any  crew  or  team  representing  Harvard, 
could  not,  in  truth,  hope  to  win  in  any  individ- 
ual contest  of  physical  strength,  should  have 
accomplished  out  of  mere  enthusiasm,  perhaps, 
more  for  American  athletics  than  any  man  in 
his  class;  for  to  Roosevelt  is  due  in  no  small 
measure  the  credit  of  founding  the  dual  track 
meets  between  Harvard  and  Yale. 

In  his  senior  year,  in  a  letter  over  his  initial 
to  the  "Advocate,"  he  urged  that  the  impulse 
needed  to  make  track  athletics  at  Harvard 
what  they  should  be  was  a  series  of  contests 
with  Yale  in  the  spring  and  fall  of  each  year. 
In  the  next  issue  the  "Advocate"  said  that  the 
Yale  papers  upheld  the  plan  but  Yale  herself 
was  without  any  "official  association  to  act 

49 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

in  the  matter."  Four  years  later,  by  vote  of 
the  few  Yale  men  who  evinced  an  interest  in 
track  athletics,  Howard  Stafford  Brooks  was 
elected  captain,  and  he  straightway  set  to 
work  to  raise  a  thousand  dollars  from  the 
graduates  of  the  two  universities  for  the  pur- 
chase of  a  cup.  Not  long  afterwards  the  two 
teams  began  their  regular  contests  in  the 
spring  and  fall  which  later,  because  of  the 
popularity  of  football,  were  resolved  into  the 
single  great  contest  still  held  each  spring. 

About  the  time  dual  meets  were  suggested 
by  Roosevelt  all  sports  seemed  to  be  taking  on 
new  life.  It  was  long  before  the  stadium,  giant 
grandstands,  and  tens  of  thousands  of  spec- 
tators; then  the  two  colleges  were  struggling 
for  what  in  the  public  eye  stood  not  only  for 
supremacy  in  American  athletics  but  the  su- 
premacy of  American  colleges  as  well.  With 
its  onlookers  standing  round  the  uneven  field 
a  football  game  between  the  greatest  of  Ameri- 
can colleges  was  like  a  high-school  game  now. 
But  even  then  the  undergraduate  heart  at  Har- 
vard beat  faster  at  the  mention  of  Yale. 

Harvard  played  her  first  football  game  with 
Yale  in  the  fall  of  1876,  when  Roosevelt  was 
a  freshman.  She  had  played  Canadian  teams 

50 


IN  ATHLETICS 

as  early  as  1874  in  both  the  spring  and  fall. 
In  1875  the  team  lost  to  Princeton  but  won 
from  Columbia,  Tufts,  and  McGill.  No  game 
was  played  with  Yale  because  she  insisted  on 
playing  with  eleven  men  and  Harvard's  games 
had  all  been  played  with  fifteen.  This  differ- 
ence was  settled  and  enthusiasm  ran  rife  -when 
the  first  game  between  the  two  universities 
was  announced  for  November  18,  1876,  at  New 
Haven. 

"At  two  o'clock,"  the  correspondent  of  the 
"Advocate"  wrote,  "we  were  on  our  way  to 
Hamilton  Park,  a  mile  or  two  from  the  Col- 
lege. The  field  is  an  excellent  one,  but  the 
preparations  were  wretched.  Pieces  of  clothes- 
line supplied  the  places  of  cross-bars  on  two 
very  short  goal-posts;  there  was  nothing  on 
one  side  and  only  a  faint  streak  of  lime  on  the 
other,  to  mark  the  touch-lines;  and  nothing 
but  a  guess  could  indicate  the  centre  of  the 
field,  where  the  ball  was  to  be  placed  for  the 
kick-off.  The  two  teams  made  a  very  pretty 
appearance  on  the  field  in  their  bright  new 
uniforms." 

Yale  won  this  game  by  a  single  goal  though 
Harvard  —  for  they  scored  differently  then  — 
got  three  touchdowns.  Two  years  later  Yale 

51 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

won  another  game  at  Boston  and  the  follow- 
ing year  the  most  exciting  contest  held  up  to 
that  time  in  America  was  fought  to  a  tie  on 
the  Yale  grounds.  The  year  Roosevelt  was 
graduated  Harvard  lost  to  Yale. 

In  baseball,  however,  an  older  and  more  es- 
tablished sport,  Harvard  was  winning  year  af- 
ter year.  In  1876  her  team  was  victorious  in 
two  of  the  three  games  played,  and  so  again 
in  1877;  in  1878  and  1879  the  Harvard  team 
won  three  of  five  games  in  each  year,  one  in 
the  latter  year,  a  shut-out.  In  1880  each  team 
won  two  games. 

In  the  crew  races,  too,  Harvard  was  victor- 
ious over  Yale.  She  won  in  the  first  three 
years  Roosevelt  was  in  college  but  lost  in 
1880.  That  year,  in  fact,  was  disastrous  to 
all  the  Harvard  teams,  and,  though  Roosevelt's 
class  might  have  found  some  solace  in  the  fact 
that  its  freshman  football  team  had  defeated 
Yale's,  yet  the  freshmen  crew  lost  its  race 
at  Saratoga  to  Cornell,  and  in  the  class  races, 
which  were  begun  in  Roosevelt's  junior  year, 
eighty  was  last  in  one  race  and  not  far  from 
last  in  the  other. 

Lacrosse  and  cricket  were  almost  unknown 
at  Harvard,  and  to  play  tennis  designated  what 


IN  ATHLETICS 

Roosevelt  has  called  a  molly-coddle ;  the  under- 
graduate papers  were  continually  poking  fun 
at  the  effeminate  men  who  were  addicted  to 
this  new  pastime,  and,  although  a  tournament 
was  held,  it  was  not  until  1883  that  a  team  rep- 
resenting Harvard  was  organized. 

In  this  day  of  the  beginning  of  indoor  athlet- 
ics, and  till  the  completion  of  the  Hemenway 
Gymnasium  in  1880,  they  were  held  in  what 
is  now  the  Germanic  Museum.  In  some  of 
the  meets  there  were  but  one  or  two  entries. 
The  accommodations,  as  one  of  the  college 
papers  described  in  1876,  were  wholly  inade- 
quate : 

"There  are  freshmen  playing  around  like 
calves  in  a  meadow,  getting  in  everyone's  way, 
and,  in  their  childlike  innocence,  deluding 
themselves  with  the  belief  that  they  are  ex- 
ercising. There  are  boating  men  and  grinds, 
and  vain  men  and  modest  men,  all  breathing 
the  same  bad  air.  One  has  to  wait  his  turn 
at  almost  every  piece  of  apparatus,  and  several 
pieces  it  is  impossible  to  use  at  all,  on  ac- 
count of  the  lack  of  room;  while  it  is  impos- 
sible to  move  around  without  running  the  risk 
of  a  broken  head  from  an  Indian  club,  or  the 

53 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

external  application  of  a  dumbbell  to  the  pit 
of  the  stomach." 

Here  Roosevelt  used  to  exercise  religiously 
and  here  at  least  one  furtive  freshman  is  re- 
called as  having  met  him.  He  was  exercising 
one  diay  when  he  observed  next  to  the  ap- 
paratus he  was  using  a  set  of  parallel  bars  be- 
tween which  another  freshman  pushed  himself 
backward  and  forward  more  violently  and 
more  rapidly  than  any  one  else.  When  all  out 
of  breath,  he  dropped  to  the  floor  and  gasped : 
"My  name's  Roosevelt.  What's  yours?" 

He  showed  his  interest  in  all  branches  of 
athletics.  Classmates  recall  him  as  a  foot- 
ball scrub  with  a  bright  red  jersey,  tripping 
about  Holmes  Field,  the  man  with  the  morn- 
ing in  his  face.  He  had  announced  his  inten- 
tion of  entering  a  Ifght-weight  sparring  con- 
test from  which  his  classmate,  William  A. 
Gaston,  who  was  heavier  and  stronger,  with- 
drew to  make  a  place  for  him.  For  this  Roose- 
velt was  anxious  to  assist  his  friend  in  some 
way  so  he  encouraged  him  to  enter  a  wrestling 
match  —  but  Mr.  Gaston  has  told  the  story : 

"The  rules  for  wrestling  matches  in  those 
days  were  arbitrary  —  different  at  each  meet- 
ing according  to  the  views  of  the  umpire.  If 

54 


IN  ATHLETICS 

you  thought  a  decision  unfair,  all  you  could 
do  was  to  appeal  to  the  committee  in  charge  of 
athletics. 

"There  was  going  to  be  a  lightweight 
wrestlirig  match.  I  hesitated  about  entering 
it.  Roosevelt  said,  'Come  on,  Bill,  I'll  train 
you.'  He  didn't  know  any  more  about  wrestl- 
ing than  I  did.  The  first  day  I  threw  two  men 
and  had  just  got  the  first  fall  from  a  third 
when  the  umpire  called  off  the  sports  for  the 
day,  insisting  that  the  last  fall  I  had  got  should 
not  count.  Of  course  that  meant  that  I  should 
have  to  throw  my  opponent  three  times  and 
he  throw  me  but  twice  to  win  a  victory.  Roose- 
velt banged  his  foot  down  on  the  floor.  'Out- 
rageous !  Bill,  it's  outrageous !  Come  on,  we'll 
go  and  appeal  to  the  committee.' 

"-'Now  Bill,  you're  hot-tempered,'  he  warned 
as  we  approached  them.  'I  don't  want  you  to 
say  a  word.  I'll  talk  to  them.  I'll  explain 
this  thing.'  In  ten  minutes  Roosevelt  had  of- 
fered to  fight  everyone  of  them.  I  had  to  pac- 
ify him  and  smooth  things  over.  We  won  our 
point  though." 

Roosevelt  weighed  but  a  hundred  and  thirty- 
five  pounds  when  he  entered  the  lightweight 
sparring  contest,  the  only  event  he  ever  en- 

55 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

tered.  There  were  only  six  contestants,  the 
"Advocate"  says.  "In  the  first  bout  Mr. 
Hanks  won.  The  second  bout,  between  Mr. 
Coolidge  and  Mr.  Roosevelt,  was  won  by  the 
latter,  who  displayed  more  skill  and  coolness 
than  his  opponent.  Mr.  Gushing  easily  won 
the  last  bout. 

"Mr.  Hanks  was  then  paired  with  Mr. 
Roosevelt,  and  a  spirited  contest  followed,  in 
which  Mr.  Hanks  succeeded  in  getting  the 
best  of  his  opponent  by  his  quickness  and 
power  of  endurance." 

"It  was  no  fight  at  all,"  says  one  of  the 
students  who  were  gathered  round  the  toiling 
men.  "Hanks  had  the  longer  reach  and  was 
stronger  and  Roosevelt  was  handicapped  by 
his  eyesight.  I  can  see  that  little  fellow  yet, 
staggering  about  and  banging  into  air.  His 
opponent  could  not  put  him  out  and  he  would 
not  give  up.  He  showed  his  fighting  qualities, 
but  he  never  entered  another  bout." 

In  his  vacations  and  in  one  Christmas  re- 
cess, while  hunting  in  the  Maine  woods,  Roose- 
velt showed  his  grit  in  other  ways.  "He  was 
undersized  for  eighteen,"  William  W.  Sewall, 
his  guide,  writes,  "but  what  he  lacked  in 
strength  he  made  up  for  in  courage.  "He  had 

56 


IN  ATHLETICS 

enough  moral  and  physical  courage  for  a  man 
who  weighed  a  ton."  One  day  when  the  snow 
was  deep  and  they  were  tramping  through  the 
white  woods  after  caribou  Roosevelt  lost  one 
of  his  snowshoes  while  fording  a  rapid  stream, 
but  with  only  moccasins  he  insisted  on  climb- 
ing Mt.  Katahdin,  to  where  they  were  camped. 
His  feet  were  terribly  bruised  but  he  had  not 
uttered  a  whimper.  In  the  West,  a  few  years 
later,  Mr.  Sewall  says,  Roosevelt's  horse  reared 
and  fell  on  him,  breaking  the  point  of  his 
shoulder  blade,  nevertheless  he  kept  to  the 
trail  for  three  days  before  the  injury  was  at- 
tended to  by  a  physician.  His  bravery  crop- 
ped out  one  day  when  he  heard  that  a  cowboy 
rough  had  threatened  to  shoot  him  full  of 
holes.  Roosevelt  looked  for  the  man,  rode  up 
to  him,  and  asked  him  if  the  report  was  true. 
The  cowboy  promptly  denied  it.  He  was  also 
threatened  with  a  real  French  duel  by  a  real 
Frenchman,  but  he  took  such  vehement  delight 
in  furthering  arrangements  that  the  opponent 
apolo'gized  and  actually  invited  Roosevelt  to 
dinner. 

Some  students  take  their  exercise  as  others 
go  to  church  —  sighing  on  their  way,  bringing 
a  subject  to  cogitate  on  while  there,  and  exult- 

57 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

ing  when  the  thing  is  done  with.  But  in  exer- 
cise Roosevelt  showed  the  practical  applica- 
tion of  an  earnest  man.  Probably  today  he 
relishes  no  more  exquisite  gratification  than 
knowing  that  not  only  did  he  accomplish  much 
by  his  enthusiasm,  but  that  he  has  consciously 
built  up  the  weak  frame  of  the  little  freshman 
who  entered  college  thirty-five  years  ago  into 
the  body  of  a  strong  man. 


CHAPTER  VI 


GRADUATION. 


WHEN  Roosevelt's  class  put  out  from 
college  to  lose  itself  in  the  classes  of 
two  hundred  and  fifty  years,  the 
Advocate  commented  on  the  number  of  prom- 
inent men  it  contained  —  men  prominent  in 
scholarship,  in  literary  ability,  in  executive 
talent,  in  athletics ;  but  the  Crimson  could  find 
use  for  no  adjectives  stroriger  than  creditable, 
good,  and  average.  And  now  the  years  have 
gone  by  and  no  class  within  twenty  years  of  it, 
perhaps  no  class  in  the  two  centuries  Harvard 
has  given  men  to  the  nation,  has  cut  so  deeply 
and  in  so  many  ways  in  the  activities  of  the 
world.  In  it  were  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  edi- 
tor, teacher,  historian ;  Robert  Winsor  and  Ar- 
thur Perry,  successful  Boston  financiers;  Doc- 
tor Henry  Baldwin,  noted  alienist;  Arthur 
Hale,  general  superintendent  of  transportation 
of  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad  and  the  late 

59 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

Henry  B.  Chapin,  general  traffic  manager  of 
the  Boston  &  Albany;  John  Woodbury,  secre- 
tary of  the  Metropolitan  Park  Commission  of 
Boston ;  Richard  W.  Welling,  chairman  of  the 
Civil  Service  Commission  of  New  York  City 
by  appointment  of  Mayor  Gaynor;  William  S. 
Andrews,  judge,  New  York  Supreme  Court; 
William  A.  Pew,  colonel  of  Spanish  War  Vol- 
unteers; Charles  G.  Washburn,  Congressman; 
William  A.  Gaston,  organizer  of  the  Metropoli- 
tan Street  Railway  system  of  Boston,  repeat- 
edly a  nominee  for  governor;  Josiah  Quincy, 
assistant  secretary  of  state,  Mayor  of  Boston, 
nominee  for  'governor ;  Robert  Bacon,  secretary 
of  State,  ambassador  to  France;  Theodore 
Roosevelt,  President  of  the  United  States. 

Imperceptibly,  as  unconscious  as  a  tree 
grows,  these  men  were  rounded  out  by  four 
years  of  association.  Although  genius  is  not 
infectious,  the  homely  virtues  are,  and  by  these 
Roosevelt  and  his  classmates  have  risen. 
Never  were  the  benefits  of  friendship  better 
exemplified  than  by  the  careers  of  two  of 
those  eight  men  of  whom  Roosevelt  was  one, 
who  gathered  together  for  their  meals  through 
their  four  years  at  Harvard.  One  of  them,  G. 
Gorham  Peters,  has  suffered  ill  health;  of  the 

60 


GRADUATION 

other  seven,  Richard  M.  Saltonstall,  Roose- 
velt's nearest  college  friend,  is  a  leading  Bos- 
ton attorney ;  Ralph  N.  Ellis,  a  successful  busi- 
ness man;  Charles  Ware,  a  successful  physi- 
cian; C.  Minot  Weld,  a  millionaire  cotton  bro- 
ker ;  Henry  G.  Chapin  was  at  his  death  general 
traffic  manager  of  the  Boston  &  Albany  Rail- 
road; Charles  G.  Washburn  is  head  of  a  large 
wire  corporation  and  a  prominent  Congress- 
man ;  Theodore  Roosevelt,  Ex-President  of  the 
United  States. 

Yet  these  men  never  knew  their  strertgth 
till,  like  fishermen  in  their  yawls,  they  put  out 
alone.  There  was  George  von  L.  Meyer,  in 
the  class  of  '79,  with  whom  Roosevelt  loved  to 
talk  about  undergraduate  athletics,  later  to 
swing  alongside  and  be  his  postmaster-general 
in  the  conduct  of  a  nation;  there  was  Bacon, 
whose  election  as  captain  of  the  freshman  crew 
Roosevelt  opposed,  destined  to  be  his  secretary 
of  state;  and  Leonard  Wood,  a  freshman  in 
the  Medical  school  when  Roosevelt  was  a  sen- 
ior in  the  College,  and  Curtis  Guild,  Jr.,  neither 
of  whom  Roosevelt  more  than  knew,  both  of 
whom  became  his  intimate  friends  during  the 
Spanish  War,  after  which  Roosevelt  secured 
Wood's  election  to  the  only  honorary  member- 

61 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

ship  in  the  class  of  1880;  there  was  Henry 
Cabot  Lodge,  a  writer  and  an  instructor  in 
history  in  Harvard  College,  whom  Roosevelt 
did  not  like  and  whose  courses  he  refused  to 
take  because  he  thought  he  "marked  papers  too 
hard,"  to  whom  he  was  to  be  tied  by  the  bond 
of  friendship  when  each  became  the  champion 
of  his  respective  state  in  supporting  the  move- 
ment to  nominate  Edmunds  for  President  in 
1884.  There  was  C.  S.  Hanks,  who  pummelled 
Roosevelt  in  a  boxing  match  and  years  later 
rose  into  publicity  with  the  assertion  that  he 
could  get  from  scheming  railroads  information 
that  the  President  could  not  get,  who  was  told 
to  go  ahead,  who  failed,  and  died  soon  after- 
wards; Professor  Sumner  of  Yale,  who  ad- 
dressed the  Finance  Club,  Charles  Eliot  Nor- 
ton, president  of  the  Art  Club — two  old  guards 
of  anti-imperialism,  two  strong  foes  of  expan- 
sion, whom  Roosevelt  oppugned  with  all  his 
might.  There  was  President  Charles  William 
Eliot. 

One  day  a  committee  of  students  climbed 
to  the  office  of  the  austere  educator,  who  rose 
from  his  desk  chair  to  greet  them.  There  was 
a  pause.  "Gentlemen,"  said  the  President,  ex- 
pectantly. Then  the  student  with  the  most 

62 


GRADUATION 

words  to  his  tongue  stammered  forth  an  intro- 
duction, after  this  fashion:  "Mr.  Eliot,  I  am 
President  Roosevelt."  Too  prophetic  perhaps 
to  be  believed,  yet  true. 

As  for  the  undergraduate,  Roosevelt,  if  there 
is  any  virtue  taught  by  his  student  life  it  is 
wide-awake  practicality.  Intensated  by  all 
the  starts  and  sallies  of  his  capricious  tempera- 
ment Roosevelt's  life  is  there  in  the  records, 
the  life  of  a  deliberator.  Opportunists  do  not 
set  out  in  lifelong  struggles  to  build  up  their 
bodies,  nor  plan  with  care  their  mental  pur- 
suits, nor  value  the  shifting  moment.  But 
Roosevelt  did  all  these  things.  If  this  spirit 
of  deliberation  were  applied  to  the  capturing 
of  an  office  it  would  be  called,  opprobriously, 
ambition,  but  if  that  is  ambition,  then  all  really 
sucessful  men  are  ambitious;  for  without 
power  to  discover  his  own  needs,  to  survey 
his  own  course,  to  forge  ahead,  a  man  is  like 
a  ship  without  a  rudder,  drifting. 

Roosevelt  was  no  dream  child  drifting  on  a 
tranquil  stream  to  fame.  He  labored  all  his 
way.  Thirty-five  years  ago  we  saw  that  he 
dropped  from  a  horse  car  in  Harvard  Square, 
thin-chested  spectacled,  nervous  and  frail. 
Now  there  hangs  in  the  living  room  of  the 

63 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

Harvard  Union,  after  all  this  distance  and 
ch&nge,  the  portrait  of  a  sturdy,  gray-locked 
figure,  watchful,  decisive,  confident, — looking 
down  on  the  endless  procession  of  youth.  The 
little  freshman  of  thirty-five  years  ago  has 
become  a  strong  man. 


PART  II. 


PART  II. 


CLASS  REPORTS. 

A  T  stated  intervals  it  is  the  custom  for 
/\  each  Harvard  graduate  to  furnish  his 
•*•  -*-class  secretary  with  a  brief  outline  of  the 
principal  incidents  in  his  career  for  publica- 
tion in  the  class  reports. 

The  following,  which  includes  such  extracts 
from  Mr.  Roosevelt's  letters  to  the  secretary 
as  he  has  seen  fit  to  quote,  have  appeared  in 
the  reports  of  the  class  of  1880. 

COMMENCEMENT,  1883. 

During  the  winter  of  1 880-81,  the  sec- 
retary of  the  class  supplied  the  information 
that  Roosevelt  attended  the  Columbia  College 
Law  School.  Was  married  October  27,  1880  to 
Alice  H.  Lee  of  Chestnut  Hill,  Mass.  Spent 
the  summer  of  1881  in  Europe,  and  while  in 
Switzerland  ascended  the  Matterhorn  and 
Jungfrau. 

In  November,  1881,  ran  for  the  New  York 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

Legislature  from  the  Twenty-first  Assembly 
District,  and  was  elected  by  1,500  majority, 
running  50  ahead  of  the  ticket.  Writes  as 
follows:  "Paid  attention  chiefly,  while  in  the 
Legislature,  to  laws  for  the  reformation  of 
Primaries  and  of  the  Civil  Service;  and  en- 
deavored to  have  a  certain  Judge  Westbrook 
impeached  on  the  ground  of  corrupt  collusion 
with  Jay  Gould  and  the  prostitution  of  his 
high  judicial  office  to  serve  the  purpose  of 
wealthy  and  unscrupulous  stock-gamblers,  but 
was  voted  down."  In  November,  1882,  ran 
again  and  was  elected  by  2,400  majority,  run- 
ning 2,000  ahead  of  the  ticket.  On  January  i, 
1883,  was  nominated  by  the  Republican  legis- 
lative caucus  as  candidate  for  Speaker.  As 
the  Democrats  had  the  majority  this  was 
merely  a  complimentary  nomination  as  leader 
of  the  Republican  side  of  the  House. 

Has  written  "The  Naval  War  of  1812,"  pub- 
lished in  1882  by  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  New 
York;  and  various  political  pamphlets. 

(A  picture  of  the  Hon.  Theodore  Roosevelt 
appeared  in  Harper's  Weekly,  April  21,  1883) 

COMMENCEMENT,  1886. 
In  1883  Roosevelt  was  elected  for  the  third 

68 


CLASS  REPORTS 

time  to  the  New  York  Assembly.  He  was 
made  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Cities, 
the  most  important  position  next  to  that  of 
Speaker,  and  also  of  a  Legislative  Investigat- 
ing Committee  which  did  more  work  than  had 
ever  been  done  by  a  similar  body.  As  chair- 
man of  the  committee  he  introduced  and  passed 
a  series  of  laws  which  practically  revolution- 
ized the  municipal  government  of  New  York. 

In  1884  he  captured  the  State  Republican 
Convention  for  Edmunds  as  against  Elaine 
and  Arthur,  and  went  as  the  head  of  the  New 
York  delegation  to  the  National  Republican 
Convention.  In  the  ensuing  presidential  cam- 
paign he  took  part  on  the  Republican  side, 
speaking  in  New  York,  New  England  and 
New  Jersey.  He  refused  a  nomination  to  the 
Assembly,  and  also  refused  two  nominations 
for  Congress. 

In  1885  he  opened  the  Republican  campaign 
in  Northern  Ohio,  and  spoke  also  in  New  York 
and  Massachusetts. 

Writes  as  follows  from  Elkhorn  Ranch, 
Medora,  North  Dakota,  April  15,  1886: 

"In  1883  and  since  have  spent  most  of  my 
summers  on  my  cattle  ranch  on  the  Little 
Missouri  in  western  Dakota,  or  in  making 

69 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

hunting  trips  from  it  after  bear,  elk,  buffalo, 
etc. 

"In  1883  published  an  enlarged  edition  of 
my  'Naval  War  of  1812.'  In  1885  wrote 
'Hunting  Trips  of  a  Ranchman,'  have  just  got 
out  a  second  American  and  a  first  English  edi- 
tion. Have  contributed  a  number  of  political 
essays  and  sketches  of  sport  and  adventure 
to  the  Century  Magazine,  the  North  American 
and  New  Princeton  Reviews,  and  to  Harpers.' 

"In  New  York  am  a  member  of  the  Century, 
Union  League,  University  and  other  clubs,  in- 
cluding the  Meadowbrook,  as  I  am  fond  of 
riding  to  hounds.  Have  now  built  a  country 
house  at  Sagamore  Hill,  my  place  at  Oyster 
Bay,  Long  Island,  where  I  intend  to  live. 

"My  time  has  been  pretty  nearly  divided 
between  ranching,  literature  and  politics.    My 
address  is  New  York. 
APRIL  10,  1890: 

"In  the  fall  of  1886  I  ran  for  Mayor  of  New 
York  on  the  Citizens'  and  Republican  ticket, 
against  Henry  George,  the  labor  candidate, 
and  Abram  S.  Hewitt,  the  nominee  of  the 
united  Democracy,  who  was  elected.  In  the 
presidential  campaign  of  1888  I  was  on  the 
stump  for  the  Republican  ticket.  On  May  10, 

70 


CLASS  REPORTS 

1889,  I  was  appointed  United  States  Civil  Ser- 
vice Commissioner,  and  for  the  past  year  have 
been  up  to  my  ears  in  one  unending  fight  to 
take  and  keep  the  Civil  Service  out  of  the 
hands  of  politicians,  and  I  may  say  without 
question  that  during  this  year  the  law  has 
been  observed  in  the  classified  service  under 
our  charge  more  rigidly  and  more  impartially 
than  ever  before. 

"In  1886  I  wrote  the  'Life  of  Thomas  Hart 
Benton,'  in  the  American  Statesmen  series, 
and  in  1887  the  'Life  of  Gouverneur  Morris* 
for  the  same  series.  In  1888  I  published  my 
'Ranch  Life  and  the  Hunting  Trail,'  and  in 
1889  the  first  two  volumes  of  'The  Winning 
of  the  West.'  Have  contributed  a  number  of 
political  essays  and  sketches  of  sport  to  the 
Century,  St.  Nicholas,  Murray's  Magazine 
(London),  etc. 

"Made  a  trip  through  Europe  in  the  winter 
of  1886-87.  I  spend  a  couple  of  months  on  my 
ranch  or  hunting  in  the  Rockies  each  year, 
and  the  rest  of  my  time  on  my  place  at  Saga- 
more Hill,  except  for  a  winter  visit  to  New 
York.  This  year  I  have  been  obliged  by  my 
official  duties  to  live  most  of  the  time  in  Wash- 
ington." 

V* 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

Washington,  D.  C.,  March  25,  1895— ."Since 
1890  my  residence  has  been  Washington, 
in  winter,  Oyster  Bay,  Long  Island,  in  sum- 
mer, except  when  I  was  on  my  ranch  on  the 
Little  Missouri  or  on  a  hunting  trip.  I  have 
been  United  States  Civil  Service  Commissioner 
all  the  time,  having  been  appointed  such  May 
9,  1889. 

"I  now  have  five  children.  My  third  child, 
a  second  son,  Kermit,  was  born  October  15, 
1889,  my  fourth  child,  Ethel,  August  10,  1891, 
my  fifth  child,  Archibald  Bulloch,  April  9, 
1894. 

"I  haven't  made  any  journey  in  foreign  coun- 
tries, save  a  flying  trip  to  Erigland  and  France 
early  in  '91,  but  I  have  made  several  hunting 
trips  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  which  were  a 
good  deal  more  important  and  interesting  than 
going  to  Europe. 

"Civil  Service  Commissioner  is  about  all  the 
office  I  have  held. 

"My  'History  of  New  York'  was  published 
in  1891 ;  my  'Wilderness  Hunter'  in  1893,  the 
third  volume  of  the  'Winning  of  the  West'  in 
1894.  I  have  written  for  the  Century,  Atlan- 
tic Monthly,  and  Forum  on  various  occasions, 
but  I  do  not  recollect  the  dates  and  titles  of  the 

72 


CLASS  REPORTS 

pieces  now.  I  don't  remember  how  many  ad- 
dresses I  have  made  at  public  meetings. 

"Except  the  fact  that  I  have  been  annually 
investigated  by  Congress  and  have  made  about 
monthly  investigations  of  other  officials  my- 
self I  do  not  know  that  I  have  had  many  in- 
teresting experiences,  unless  you  include  bear 
hunting  in  the  list." 

Roosevelt  resigned  as  United  States  Civil 
Service  Commissioner  April  30,  1895,  having 
been  appointed  by  Mayor  Strong  Police  Com- 
missioner of  New  York  City,  which  office  he 
accepted  and  still  holds. 


COMMENCEMENT,  1900 

"I  shall  be  at  the  dinner. 

"Answering  your  questions :  I  am  now  Gov- 
ernor of  New  York,  having  been  elected  in 
November,  1898.  Since  writing  you,  five  years 
ago,  I  have  been  assistant  secretary  of  the 
Navy  under  President  McKinley's  administra- 
tion, and  lieutenant-colonel  and  afterwards 
colonel  of  the  First  United  States  Volunteer 
Cavalry  in  the  war  with  Spain,  being  brevetted 
as  brigiadier-general  and  acting  as  such  in  com- 
mand of  the  Second  Brigade  of  the  Cavalry 

73 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

Division  during  the  latter  part  of  the  Santiago 
campaign. 

"On  November  17,  1898,  I  had  a  son,  Quen- 
tin,  born  to  me.  I  now  have  four  sons  and  two 
daughters. 

"June,  1899,  Columbia  University  made  me 
an  LL.  D. 

"I  have  published  'American  Ideals,'  'The 
Rough  Riders/  and  a  'Life  of  Cromwell.' 

"Member  Board  of  Overseers  of  Harvard 
College,  term  expiring  1901." 

COMMENCEMENT,  1910. 

He  was  Governor  of  New  York  from  Janu- 
ary i,  1898  to  December  31,  1900.  He  was 
Vice-President  of  the  United  States  from 
March  4,  1901,  until  September  14,  1901,  when, 
on  the  death  of  President  McKinley,  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  office  of  President.  He  waa 
elected  President  of  the  United  States  on  No- 
vember 8,  1904,  by  the  largest  vote  ever  given 
to  a  candidate  for  that  office,  and  was  inaugu- 
rated on  March  4,  1905. 


74 


PART  III 


PART  III 


ADDRESSES 


LONG  after  Roosevelt,  the  undergraduate, 
had  put  out  from  Harvard,  he  addressed 
the  college  men  of  America.  On  one  oc- 
casion through  the  pages  of  the  "Harvard 
Graduates'  Magazine;"  on  the  other  in  an  ad- 
dress at  the  Harvard  Union.  Both  were  able 
and  vigorous  pleas  for  the  rational  idealism 
which  he  in  his  college  life  had  in  a  large 
measure  given  expression  to.  So  few  men  re- 
tain the  ideals  of  early  youth  that  no  feature 
of  these  mature  expressions  of  opinion  on  Mr. 
Roosevelt's  part  is  of  greater  interest  than  the 
marked  evidences  running  through  them  of  the 
unchanging  standards  which  years  before  he 
had  set  for  himself. 

Z7 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

THE  COLLEGE  MAN. 

An  Address  Delivered  at  the  Harvard  Union. 

"It  is  idle  to  expect,  nor  indeed  would  it 
be    desirable,    that    there    should  be  in  col- 
lege   a  uniform    level    of  taste  and    associa- 
tion.    Some  men  will  excel  in  one  thing  and 
some  in  another;  some  in  things  of  the  body, 
some  in  things  of  the  mind;  and  where  thous- 
ands are  gathered  together  each  will  naturally 
find  some  group  of  especially  congenial  friends 
with  whom  he  will  form  ties  of  peculiar  social 
intimacy.      These    groups  —  athletic,    artistic, 
scientific,  social  —  must  inevitably  exist.     My 
plea  is  not  for  their  abolition.    My  plea  is  that 
they  shall  be  got  into  the  right  focus  in  the 
eyes  of  college  men;  that  the  relative  impor- 
tance of  the  different  groups  shall  be  under- 
stood   when    compared    with    the    infinitely 
greater  life  of  the  college  as  a  whole.     Let 
each  man  have  his  special  associates,  but  let 
him  remember  that  he  cannot  get  the  full  bene- 
fit of  life  in  college  if  he  does  nothing  but 
specialize;  and  that,  what  is  even  more  im- 
portant, he  cannot  do  his  full  duty  by  the  col- 
lege unless  his  first  and  greatest  interest  is  in 

78 


THE  COLLEGE  MAN 

the  college  itself,  in  his  associates  taken  as  a 
mass,  and  not  in  any  small  'group. 

"Our  chief  interest  should  not  lie  in  the 
great  champions  in  sport.  On  the  contrary, 
our  concern  should  be  first  of  all  to  widen  the 
base,  the  foundation  in  athletic  sports;  to  en- 
courage in  every  way  a  healthy  rivalry  which 
shall  give  to  the  largest  possible  number  of 
students  the  chance  to  take  part  in  vigorous 
outdoor  games.  It  is  of  far  more  importance 
that  a  man  shall  play  something  himself,  even 
if  he  plays  it  badly,  than  that  he  shall  go  with 
hundreds  of  companions  to  see  some  one  else 
play  well,  and  it  is  not  healthy  for  either  stu- 
dents or  athletes  if  the  teams  are  mutually  ex- 
clusive. But  even  having  this  aim  especially 
in  view  it  seems  to  me  we  can  best  attain  it  by 
giving  proper  encouragement  to  the  cham- 
pions in  the  sports,  and  this  can  only  be  done 
by  encouraging  intercollegiate  contests.  As 
I  emphatically  disbelieve  in  seeing  Harvard  or 
any  other  college  turn  out  mollycoddles,  in- 
stead of  vigorous  men,  I  may  add  that  I  do 
not  in  the  least  object  to  a  sport  because  it 
is  rough.  Rowing,  baseball,  lacrosse,  track  and 
field  games,  hockey,  football,  are  all  of  them 
good.  ...  If  necessary,  let  the  college  author- 

79 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

ities  interfere  to*  stop  any  excess  or  perversion, 
making  their  interference  as  little  officious  as 
possible,  and  yet  as  rigorous  as  is  necessary 
to  achieve  the  end.  There  is  no  justification 
for  stopping  a  thoroughly  manly  sport  because 
it  is  sometimes  abused,  when  the  experience 
of  every  good  preparatory  school  shows  that 
the  abuse  is  in  no  shape  necessarily  attendant 
upon  the  game.  We  cannot  afford  to  turn 
out  of  college  men  who  shrink  from  physical 
effort  or  from  a  little  physical  pain.  In  any 
republic  courage  is  a  prime  necessity  for  the 
average  citizen  if  he  is  to  be  a  good  citizen; 
and  he  needs  physical  courage  no  less  than 
moral  courage,  the  courage  that  dares  as  well 
as  the  courage  that  endures,  the  courage  that 
will  fight  valiantly  alike  against  the  foes  of 
the  soul  and  the  foes  of  the  body.  Athletics 
are  good,  especially  in  their  rougher  forms, 
because  they  tend  to  develop  such  courage. 
They  are  good  also  because  they  encourage 
a  true  democratic  spirit;  for  in  the  athletic 
field  the  man  must  be  judged,  not  with  refer- 
ence to  outside  and  accidental  attributes,  but 
by  that  combination  of  bodily  vigor  and  moral 
quality  which  go  to  make  up  prowess. 

"I  trust  that  I  need  not  add  that  in  defend- 
So 


THE  COLLEGE  MAN 

ing  athletics  I  would  not  for  one  moment  be 
understood  as  excusing  that  perversion  of  ath- 
letics which  would  make  it  the  end  of  life  in- 
stead of  merely  a  means  in  life.  It  is  first-class 
healthful  play,  and  is  useful  as  such.  But 
play  is  not  business,  and  it  is  a  very  poor  bus- 
iness indeed  for  a  college  man  to  learn  noth- 
ing but  sport.  There  are  exceptional  cases 
which  I  do  not  need  to  consider;  but  disre- 
garding these,  I  cannot  with  sufficient  em- 
phasis say  that  when  you  get  through  college 
you  will  do  badly  unless  you  turn  your  at- 
tention to  the  serious  work  of  life  with  a  devo- 
tion which  will  render  it  impossible  for  you 
to  pay  much  heed  to  sport  in  the  way  in  which 
it  is  perfectly  proper  for  you  to  pay  heed 
while  in  college.  Play  while  you  play  and 
work  while  you  work;  and  though  play  is  a 
mighty  good  thing,  remember  that  you  had 
better  never  play  at  all  than  to  get  into  a 
condition  of  mind  where  you  regard  play  as 
the  serious  business  of  life,  or  where  you  per- 
mit it  to  hamper  and  interfere  with  your  doing 
your  full  duty  in  the  real  work  of  the  world. 

"A  word  also  to  the  students.  Athletics 
are  good;  study  is  even  better;  and  best  of 
all  is  the  development  of  the  type  of  character 

8l 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

for  the  lack  of  which,  in  an  individual,  as  in 
a  nation,  no  amount  of  brilliancy  of  mind  or 
strength  of  body  will  atone.  Moreover,  let 
the  students  remember  that  in  the  long  run 
in  the  field  of  study  judgment  must  be  ren- 
dered upon  the  quantity  of  first-class  work 
produced  in  the  way  of  productive  scholar- 
ship, and  that  no  amount  of  second-class  work 
can  atone  for  failure  in  the  college  to  produce 
this  first-class  work.  A  course  of  study  is  of 
little  worth  if  it  tends  to  deaden  individual  in- 
itiative and  cramp  scholars  so  that  they  only 
work  in  the  ruts  worn  deep  by  many  predeces- 
sors. 

"American  scholarship  will  be  judged,  not 
by  the  quantity  of  routine  work  produced  by 
routine  -workers,  but  by  the  small  amount  of 
first-class  output  of  those  who,  in  whatever 
branch,  stand  in  the  first  rank.  No  industry 
in  compilation  and  in  combination  will  ever 
take  the  place  of  this  first-hand  original  work, 
this  productive  and  creative  work,  whether 
in  science,  in  art,  in  literature.  The  greatest 
special  function  of  a  college,  as  distinguished 
from  its  general  function  of  producing  good 
citizenship,  should  be  so  to  shape  conditions 
as  to  put  a  premium  upon  the  development  of 

82 


THE  COLLEGE  MAN 

productive  scholarship,  of  the  creative  mind, 
in  any  form  of  intellectual  work.  The  men 
whose  chief  concern  lies  with  the  work  of  the 
student  in  study  should  bear  this  fact  ever  be- 
fore them. 

"When  you  college  men  graduate  you  will 
take  up  many  kinds  of  work;  but  there  is  one 
work  in  which  all  of  you  should  take  part 
simply  as  good  American  citizens,  and  that  is 
the  work  of  self-government.  Remember,  in 
the  first  place,  that  to  take  part  in  the  work 
of  government  does  not  in  the  least  mean  of 
necessity  to  hold  office.  It  means  to  take  an 
intelligent,  disinterested  and  practical  part  in 
the  everyday  duties  of  the  average  citizen,  of 
the  citizen  who  is  not  a  faddist  or  a  doctrin- 
aire, but  who  abhors  corruption  and  dislikes 
inefficiency ;  who  wishes  to  see  decent  govern- 
ment prevail  at  home,  with  genuine  equality 
of  opportunity  for  all  men  so  far  as  it  can  be 
brought  about,  and  who  wishes,  as  far  as  for- 
eign matters  are  concerned,  to  see  this  nation 
treat  all  other  nations,  great  and  small,  with 
respect,  and  if  need  be  with  generosity,  and  at 
the  same  time  show  herself  able  to  protect 
herself  by  her  own  might  from  any  wrong 
at  the  hands  of  any  outside  power. 

83 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

"Each  man  should  feel  that  he  has  no  excuse, 
as  a  citizen  in  a  democratic  republic  like  ours, 
if  he  fails  to  do  his  part  in  the  government. 
It  is  not  only  his  right  to  do  so,  but  his  duty ; 
his  duty  both  to  the  nation  and  to  himself. 
Each  man  should  feel  that,  if  he  fails  in  this,  he 
is  not  only  failing  in  his  duty,  but  is  showing 
himself  in  a  contemptible  light. 

"A  man  may  neglect  his  political  duties  be- 
cause he  is  too  lazy,  too  selfish,  too  short- 
sighted, or  too  timid ;  but  whatever  the  reason 
may  be  it  is  certainly  an  unworthy  reason, 
and  it  shows  either  a  weakness  or  worse  than 
a  weakness  in  the  man's  character.  Above  all, 
you  college  men,  remember  that  if  your  edu- 
cation, the  pleasant  lives  you  lead,  make  you 
too  fastidious,  too  sensitive  to  take  part  in  the 
rough  hurly-burly  of  the  actual  work  of  the 
world,  if  you  become  overcultivated,  so  over- 
refined  that  you  cannot  do  the  hard  work  of 
practical  politics,  then  you  had  better  never 
have  been  educated  at  all. 

"The  weakling  and  the  coward  are  out  of 
place  in  a  strong  and  free  community.  In  a 
republic  like  ours  the  governing  class  is  com- 
posed of  the  strong  men  who  take  the  trouble 
to  do  the  work  of  government;  and  if  you  are 

84 


THE  COLLEGE  MAN 

too  timid  or  too  fastidious  or  too  careless  to 
do  your  part  in  this  work,  then  you  forfeit  your 
right  to  be  considered  one  of  the  governing 
and  you  become  one  of  the  governed. 

"Like  most  other  things  of  value,  education 
is  good  only  in  so  far  as  it  is  used  aright,  and 
if  it  is  misused  or  if  it  causes  the  owner  to  be 
so  puffed  up  with  pride  as  to  make  him  mis- 
estimate the  relative  value  of  things,  it  be- 
comes a  harm  and  not  a  benefit.  There  are  a 
few  things  less  desirable  than  the  arid  culti- 
vation, the  learning  and  refinement  which 
lead  merely  to  that  intellectual  conceit  which 
makes  a  man  in  a  democratic  community  like 
ours  hold  himself  aloof  from  his  fellows  and 
pride  himself  upon  the  weakness  which  he  mis- 
takes for  supercilious  strength. 

"Small  is  the  use  of  those  educated  men  who 
in  after  life  meet  no  one  but  themselves,  and 
gather  in  parlors  to  discuss  wrong  conditions 
which  they  do  not  understand  and  to  advocate 
remedies  which  have  the  prime  defect  of  being 
unworkable.  The  judgment  on  practical  af- 
fairs, political  and  social,  of  educated  men  who 
keep  aloof  from  the  conditions  of  practical 
life,  is  apt  to  be  valueless  to  those  other  men 
who  do  really  wage  effective  war  against  the 

85 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

forces  of  baseness  and  evil.  From  the  politi- 
cal standpoint,  education  is  a  harm  and  not 
a  benefit  to  the  men  whom  it  serves  as  an  ex- 
cuse for  refusing  to  mingle  with  their  fellows 
and  for  standing  aloof  from  the  broad  sweep 
of  our  national  life  in  a  curiously  impotent 
spirit  of  fancied  superiority.  The  political 
wrong-headedness  of  such  men  is  quite  as 
great  as  that  of  wholly  uneducated  men,  and 
no  people  could  be  less  trustworthy  as  critics 
and  advisers.  The  educated  man  who  seeks  to 
console  himself  for  his  own  lack  of  the  robust 
qualities  which  bring  success  in  American  pol- 
itics by  moaning  over  the  degeneracy  of  the 
times,  by  railing  at  the  men  who  do  the  actual 
work  of  political  life,  instead  of  trying  him- 
self to  do  the  work,  is  a  poor  creature,  and,  so 
far  as  his  feeble  powers  avail,  is  a  damage  and 
not  a  help  to  the  community.  You  may  come 
far  short  of  this  disagreeable  standard  and  still 
be  a  rather  useless  member  of  society.  Your 
education,  your  cultivation,  will  not  help  you 
if  you  make  the  mistake  of  thinking  that  it  is 
a  substitute  for,  instead  of  an  addition  to,  those 
qualities  which  in  the  struggle  of  life  bring 
success  to  the  ordinary  man  without  your  ad- 
vantages. 

86 


THE  COLLEGE  MAN 

"Your  colldge  training  confers  no  privilege 
upon  you  save  as  attested  by  the  use  you  make 
of  it.  It  puts  upon  you  the  obligation  to  show 
yourselves  better  able  to  do  certain  things  than 
your  fellows  who  have  not  had  your  advan- 
tages. If  it  has  served  merely  to  make  you  be- 
lieve that  you  are  excused  from  effort  in  after 
life,  that  you  are  to  be  excused  from  contact 
with  the  actual  world  of  men  and  events,  then 
it  will  prove  a  curse  and  not  a  blessing. 

"If,  on  the  other  hand,  you  treat  your  edu- 
cation as  a  weapon,  a  weapon  to  fit  you  to  do 
better  in  the  hard  struggle  of  effort,  and  not  as 
excusing  you  in  any  way  from  taking  part  in 
practical  fashion  in  that  struggle,  then  it  will 
be  a  benefit  to  you.  Let  each  of  you  college 
men  remember  in  after  life  than  in  the  fun- 
damentals he  is  very  much  like  his  fellows  who 
have  not  been  to  college,  and  if  he  is  to  achieve 
results,  instead  of  confining  himself  exclusively 
to  disparagement  of  other  men  who  achieve 
them,  he  must  manage  to  come  to  some  kind 
of  working  agreement  with  these  fellows. 
There  are  times,  of  course,  when  it  may  be 
the  highest  duty  of  a  citizen  to  stand  alone 
or  practically  alone.  But  if  this  is  a  man's 
normal  attitude  —  if  normally  he  is  unable  to 

87 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

work  in  combination  with  a  considerable  body 
of  his  fellows  —  it  is  safe  to  set  him  down  as 
unfit  for  useful  service  in  a  democracy.  In 
popular  government  results  worth  having  can 
only  be  achieved  by  men  who  combine  worthy 
ideals  with  practical  good  sense,  who  are  reso- 
lute to  accomplish  good  purposes,  but  who  can 
accommodate  themselves  to  the  give  and  take 
necessary  where  work  has  to  be  done,  as  al- 
most all  important  work  must  necessarily  be 
done,  by  combination.  Moreover,  remember 
that  normally  the  prime  object  of  political  life 
is  to  achieve  results  and  not  merely  to  issue 
manifestoes  —  save,  of  course,  where  the  is- 
suance of  such  manifestoes  helps  to  achieve 
the  results. 

"It  is  a  very  bad  thing  to  be  morally  cal- 
lous, for  moral  callousness  is  a  disease.  But 
inflammation  of  the  conscience  may  be  just  as 
unhealthy,  so  far  as  the  public  is  concerned; 
and  if  a  man's  conscience  is  always  telling 
him  to  do  something  foolish  he  will  do  well  to 
mistrust  its  workings.  The  religious  man 
who  is  useful  is  not  he  whose  sole  care  is  to 
save  his  soul,  but  the  man  whose  religion  bids 
him  strive  to  advance  decency  and  clean  liv- 


THE  COLLEGE  MAN 

ing  and  to  make  the  world  a  better  place  for 
his  fellows  to  live  in. 

"During  the  last  few  years  much  good  has 
been  done  to  the  people  of  the  Philippines; 
but  this  has  been  done,  not  by  those  who 
merely  indulged  in  the  personal  luxury  of  ad- 
vocating for  the  islands  a  doctrinaire  liberty 
which  would  have  meant  their  immediate  and 
irretrievable  ruin,  but  those  who  have  faced 
facts  as  they  actually  were,  remembering  the 
proverb  that  teaches  that  in  the  long  run  the 
most  uncomfortable  truth  is  a  safer  companion 
than  the  pleasantest  falsehood. 

"There  have  been  some  men  in  public  life 
and  some  men  in  private  life  whose  action  has 
been  at  every  point  one  of  barren  criticism 
and  fruitless  obstruction.  These  men  have 
had  no  part  or  lot  in  the  great  record  of 
achievement  and  success  —  the  record  of  good 
work  worthily  done.  Some  of  these  m<n  have 
been  college  graduates;  but  all  of  them  have 
been  poor  servants  of  the  people,  useless  where 
not  harmful.  All  the  credit  for  the  good  thus 
accomplished  in  the  public  life  of  this  decade 
belongs  to  those  who  have  done  affirmative 
work  .  .  .  not  to  those  who,  with  more  or  less 

89 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

futility,  have  sought  to  hamper  and  obstruct 
the  work  that  has  thus  been  done. 

"In  short,  you  college  men,  be  doers  rather 
than  critics  of  the  deeds  that  others  do.  Stand 
stoutly  for  your  ideals,  but  keep  in  mind  that 
they  can  only  be  realized,  even  partially,  by 
practical  methods  of  achievement.  Remember 
always  that  this  republic  of  ours  is  a  very 
real  democracy,  and  that  you  can  only  win  suc- 
cess by  showing  that  you  have  the  right  stuff 
in  you.  The  college  man,  the  man  of  intellect 
and  training,  should  take  the  lead  in  every 
fight  for  civic  and  social  righteousness.  He  can 
take  that  lead  only  if  in  a  spirit  of  thorough- 
going democracy,  if  he  takes  his  place  among 
his  fellows,  not  standing  aloof  from  them,  but 
mixing  with  them,  so  that  he  may  know,  may 
feel,  may  sympathize  with  their  hopes,  their 
ambitions,  their  principles  and  even  their  prej- 
udices —  as  an  American  among  Americans,  a 
man  among  men. 


9° 


HARVARD  MEN  IN  POLITICS. 

(From    Harvard    Graduates'    Magazine,    Oct. 
1892. — By  Theodore  Roosevelt,  '80.) 

A  fair  proportion  of  the  men  who  have 
graduated  from  Harvard  during  the  last 
twenty  years  or  so  have  gone  into  public 
life.  In  a  certain  sense  it  is  of  course 
the  duty  of  every  Harvard  man  to  do  this.  He 
is  false  to  the  tradition  and  spirit  of  American- 
ism if  he  does  not  conscientiously  and  faith- 
fully perform  his  political  duties;  I  do  not 
mean  merely  vote,  but  take  an  active  interest 
in  politics  and  do  his  part  in  controlling  the 
political  organization  to  which  he  belongs  ;  or, 
if  he  belongs  to  none,  do  his  part,  in  company 
with  others  who  feel  as  he  does,  in  helping  as 
far  as  may  be  the  political  movements  or  the 
political  candidates  in  which  he  is  interested. 
He  can  accomplish  a  certain  amount  by  criti- 
cism if  his  criticism  is  intelligent  and  honest, 
but  he  can  of  course  accomplish  infinitely  more 
by  action;  and  possibly  it  may  be  of  interest 
to  Harvard  graduates  to  point  out  the  kind 
of  work  that  is  done  in  politics  by  those  of 
their  number  who  are  men  of  action. 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

Massachusetts  usually  leads  in  any  good 
movement,  and  so  it  is  not  surprising  that  we 
have  to  turn  first  to  Massachusetts  when  we 
think  of  Harvard  graduates  in  public  life. 
There  are  at  this  moment  many  who  deserve 
well  of  their  Alma  Mater ;  and  these  are  among 
both  parties,  and  are  to  be  found  in  the  public 
service  of  both  the  nation  and  the  state, — men 
like  Governor  Russell  and  Congressmen  An- 
drew and  Hoar,  or  like  Assistant  Secretary  of 
State  Wharton,  Congressman  Lodge,  and  ex- 
Congressman  Greenhalge,  not  to  mention  the 
many  Harvard  men  who  are  at  the  present 
moment  members  of  the  Massachusetts  state 
or  of  the  Boston  municipal  legislatures.  Speak- 
ing only  of  that  with  which  I  am  most  familiar, 
I  wish  to  point  out  some  of  the  ways  in  which 
Harvard  men  have  been  able  to  do  peculiarly 
good  work  in  the  national  Congress  during  the 
past  few  years. 

Often  much  of  the  best  service  that  is  ren- 
dered in  Congress  must  be  done  without  any 
hope  of  approbation  or  reward.  The  meas- 
ures that  attract  most  attention  are  frequently 
not  those  of  most  lasting  importance;  and 
even  where  they  are  of  such  importance  that 
attention  is  fixed  upon  them,  the  interested 


HARVARD  MEN  IN  POLITICS 

public  may  not  appreciate  the  difference  be- 
tween the  man  who  merely  records  his  vote 
for  a  bill  and  the  other  who  throws  his  whole 
strength  into  the  contest  to  secure  its  passage. 
A  man  must  have  in  him  a  strong  and  earnest 
sense  of  duty  and  the  desire  to  accomplish 
good  for  the  commonwealth,  without  regard  to 
the  effect  upon  himself,  to  be  useful  in  Con- 
gress in  the  way  that  men  like  Lodge,  Green- 
halge,  Andrew,  Hoar,  or  George  Adams  of  Chi- 
cago, are  useful. 

Take  the  work  that  these  men  have  done  on 
subjects  like  the  Copyright  Bill,  the  building 
of  the  navy,  legislation  in  the  interest  of  scien- 
tific bodies,  such  as  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion, and  various  bills  affecting  Civil  Service 
Reform.  There  is  great  popular  interest  in 
certain  quarters  about  the  navy ;  but  I  am  sorry 
to  say  that  I  do  not  think  that  this  interest 
is  always  sufficiently  keen  to  make  the  pub- 
lic intelligent  in  backing  up  the  men  who  strive 
to  make  our  naval  policy  consistent  and  steady. 
There  is  no  kind  of  legislation  more  intimately 
connected  with  the  national  honor  than  that 
affecting  the  navy;  yet  during  this  very  ses- 
sion of  Congress  we  have  not  only  seen  nar- 
row-minded Congressmen  from  interior  dis- 

93 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

tricts  strenuously  opposing  the  building  of  the 
navy,  but  also  at  least  passive  help  extended 
to  them  by  certain  representatives  from  dis- 
tricts which  are  intelligently  interested  in  our 
maritime  supremacy.  It  would  be  difficult  to 
overestimate  the  amount  of  good  work  done, 
without  any  hope  of  recognition  therefor,  by 
the  men  who  have  taken  the  chief  part  in  pre- 
paring and  pushing  through  the  naval  legis- 
lation, first  on  the  naval  committees  of  the  two 
Houses,  and  then  through  the  legislative 
bodies  themselves;  and  this  is  peculiarly  a 
work  unselfish  and  patriotic,  and  which  Har- 
vard College  ought  to  be  most  anxious  to  fos- 
ter and  most  prompt  to  recognize  when  done 
by  her  graduates. 

So  it  is  with  the  Copyright  Bill.  Every 
reading  man,  every  man  interested  in  the 
growth  of  American  literature,  and  finally, 
every  man  who  cares  for  the  honor  of  the 
American  name  and  is  keenly  anxious  that  no 
reproach  shall  be  rightly  cast  upon  it,  must 
rejoice  that  we  have  the  present  Copyright 
Law.  It  was  won  in  the  teeth  of  a  violent  and 
ignorant  opposition,  and  in  spite  of  the  fact 
that  many  who  had  been  supposed  to  be  its 
friends  turned  against  it  at  the  last  moment, 

94 


HARVARD  MEN  IN  POLITICS 

on  the  shallow  pretense  that  it  did  not  go  as 
far  as  they  desired.  It  certainly  should  be  a 
matter  of  congratulation  for  Harvard  that  her 
representatives  were  among  the  leaders  in  th« 
fight  on  its  behalf. 

In  the  copyright  struggle,  as  in  all  other 
Congressional  contests,  there  were  many  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  difficulties  to  be  encountered. 
In  the  first  place  there  was  undoubtedly  a  ker- 
nel of  dishonest  opposition  to  the  bill,  due  to 
the  presence  of  an  active  lobby,  subsidized  by 
certain  third-rate  newspaper  and  book  con- 
cerns. In  the  next  place,  there  was  a  mass  of 
inert  indifference  to  be  overcome.  Thirdly, 
the  friends  of  the  bill  had  to  meet  the  bitter 
opposition  of  perfectly  honest  and  very  able, 
though,  as  we  believe,  entirely  misguided, 
opponents  of  the  measure, —  men  like  Roger 
Q.  Mills,  for  instance,  whose  character  and 
capacity  rightly  gave  them  great  weight  in 
Congress.  Finally,  there  was  the  need  of  guard- 
ing against  the  crankiness  of  certain  friends 
of  the  measure,  which  actually  threatened  to 
defeat  the  whole  bill  merely  because  it  con- 
tained some  features  to  propitiate  the  prin- 
ters,—  features  which  were  absolutely  essential 
to  its  passage,  and  which  were  entirely  non- 
93 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

essential  when,  viewed  from  the  standpoint 
either  of  abstract  right  or  of  expediency.  The 
Senate  passed  the  bill  in  one  form;  the  House 
passed  it  in  another,  after  having  first  rejected 
it  in  yet  a  third.  Then  in  the  very  last  hours 
of  the  session  a  most  strenuous  effort  had  to 
be  made,  after  having  persuaded  the  confer- 
ence committees  of  the  two  Houses  to  agree 
upon  a  common  measure,  to  persuade  the 
Houses  themselves  to  piass  the  conference  re- 
port. No  one  who  was  not  himself  present 
in  the  Capitol  during  these  final,  vital  hours  of 
the  fight  can  appreciate  the  tact,  resolution, 
energy,  and  downright  hard  work  of  the  men 
who  were  prominent  in  passing  the  bill.  This 
had  to  be  done  with  absolute  disinterestedness. 
No  man  did  anything  for  the  Copyright  Bill 
from  selfish  motives.  It  was  pressed  by  a 
body  of  men  without  political  influence,  and 
it  was  passed  solely  as  a  measure  of  justice, 
and  from  the  highest  motives.  The  men  who 
were  instrumental  in  passing  it  deserve  to  re- 
ceive the  credit  always  attaching  to  effective 
and  disinterested  work  for  a  worthy  ideal. 

In  no  respect  has  our  government  done  bet- 
ter work  than  in  its  scientific  departments. 
The  different  government  publications  on 

96 


HARVARD  MEN  IN  POLITICS 

scientific  subjects  rank  very  high,  and  it  is 
through  these  that  many  of  the  most  eminent 
American  scientists  have  been  able  to  render 
their  most  distinguished  services.  No  work 
that  has  been  done  by  us  as  a  nation  has  been 
more  creditably  performed,  and  the  scientific 
bureaux  are  pecularly  worthy  of  being  well 
sustained  by  both  the  Congressional  and  Ex- 
ecutive branches.  The  work  they  do,  however, 
is  of  a  kind  which  can  apply  only  to  the  higher 
intellectual  faculties,  and  both  the  demagogue 
and  the  honest  ignorant  man  always  select 
these  bureaux  as  peculiarly  vulnerable  objects 
of  attack.  There  is  not  any  very  widely  ex- 
tended public  interest  in  them ;  the  newspapers 
devote  but  small  space  to  them,  and  there  are 
no  districts  where  there  are  any  bodies  of 
voters  whose  interests  are  in  any  way  bound 
up  with  theirs.  In  consequence,  they  must 
rely  for  support  upon  the  wholly  unselfish,  and 
usually  unappreciative,  efforts  of  a  number  of 
men  in  both  branches  of  Congress,  who  do  rec- 
ognize the  importance  of  the  work  that  is  be- 
ing done,  and  are  willing  to  take  great  trouble 
that  it  may  not  be  stopped.  A  Harvard  gradu- 
ate who  has  been  bred  and  trained  to  the 
knowledge  of  the  usefulness  of  public  scientific 

97. 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

and  artistic  institutions  can  with  difficulty  re- 
alize the  enormous  number  of  people  to  whom 
such  institutions,  when  supported  by  the  pub- 
lic money,  are  objects  of  positive  dislike.  It 
would  be  a  revelation  to  the  readers  of  this 
paper  if  they  would  turn  to  the  Congressional 
Record  and  read  some  of  the  speeches  made 
against  the  Smithsonian  and  kindred  institu- 
tions in  the  last  session.  These  speeches  were 
so  effective,  and  the  forces  to  whose  feelings 
they  gave  utterance  so  powerful,  that  at  one 
time  it  looked  as  though  all  our  scientific  work 
would  have  to  be  stopped.  The  calamity  was 
averted  only  by  the  strenuous  endeavor  of  sev- 
eral of  the  Congressional  leaders,  who  took  not 
only  an  active  and  intelligent  but  very  reso- 
lute part  on  behalf  of  the  menaced  institutions. 
Among  these  men,  I  am  happy  to  say,  one  or 
two  of  the  most  prominent  were  Harvard  grad- 
uates. Yet  I  doubt  if  the  mass  of  our  graduates 
even  understood  that  there  had  been  a  struggle, 
far  less  that  they  felt  any  particular  gratitude 
towards  the  men  who  had  staved  off  Congres- 
sional action  which  would  have  amounted  to 
a  national  disgrace. 

So  it  is  with  the  unending  fight  over  Civil 
Service   Reform, —  a   fight   waged   so  equally 

98 


HARVARD  MEN  IN  POLITICS 

against  the  active  and  interested  opposition  of 
the  great  army  of  political  place-hunters  and 
against  the  indifference  of  that  numerous  class 
which  is  incapable  of  high  ideals  or  of  sensitive- 
ness to  any  cause  that  does  not  at  the  moment 
appeal  to  their  pockets.  The  best  work  for 
Civil  Service  Reform  that  has  been  done  in 
Congress  of  recent  years  must  be  put  to  the 
credit  of  Harvard  graduates;  who  at  the  time, 
be  it  remembered,  were  also  taking  prominent 
part  in  the  conflicts  waged  over  those  ques- 
tions in  which  the  whole  public  are  interested, 
such  as  the  tariff  and  the  currency. 

These  are  but  samples  of  the  unrewarded 
and  yet  all  important  tasks  which  every  Har- 
vard man  who  goes  into  public  life  will  find 
ready  to  his  hand,  and  if  he  is  worthy  of  his 
college, —  as  those  men  whose  names  I  have 
given  above,  and  scores  of  others  like  them, 
most  assuredly  are, — he  will  not  shrink  from 
these  tasks,  but  will  rather  choose  them  gladly, 
because  of  the  very  fact  that  most  public  men 
will  be  glad  to  leave  them  to  him,  and  because 
by  doing  them  he  will  render  most  honorable 
and  useful  service  to  the  State  and  nation. 

THEODORE    ROOSEVELT,    'go. 

99 


PART   IV 


COLLEGE  EDITORIALS 


From  the  HARVARD  ADVOCATE— 

October  17,  1879,  by  Theodore  Rooaevelt. 

The  Fall  Meeting  of  the  Athletic  Association 
is  very  near  at  hand,  and  from  the  present 
prospect  it  does  not  seem  likely  that  any  pre- 
vious records  will  be  lowered.  This  does  not 
arise  from  lack  of  encouragement  from  the 
Association,  which  certainly  has  done  every- 
thing possible  to  induce  men  to  train  for  the 
events,  but  from  the  indisposition  prevalent 
among  college  men  to  do  the  hard  work  nec- 
essary. There  is  yet  time  remaining  for  men 
to  get  ready  for  this  meeting,  and  we  most 
warmly  encourage  them  to  do  so  and  not  let 
the  fear  of  being  beaten  hinder  any  one  from 
doing  his  best. 

The  statement  of  the  financial  condition  of 
the  Association  shows  it  very  much  in  need 

100 


COLLEGE  EDITORIALS 

of  money,  and  we  hope  that  all  will  do  their 
part  toward  paying  off  this  debt,  and  that  all 
who  have  not  done  so  will  join  the  Associa- 
tion. 

In  conection  with  our  athletic  meetings  we 
call  attention  to  a  letter  in  this  issue,  the  spirit 
of  which  we  heartily  approve;  we  could  rec- 
ommend it  to  the  consideration  of  the  Athletic 
Association  as  a  very  excellent  suggestion  for 
making  our  sports  in  every  way  better.  If 
Yale  can  be  brought  in,  it  seems  likely  that  the 
increased  competition  would  result  in  better 
training,  the  only  thing  needful  to  improve 
Harvard's  records. 

To  the  Editors  of  the  Harvard  Advocate : 

In  view  of  increasing  the  interest  in  our 
athletic  meetings  a  plan  is  suggested  which 
would  seem  to  bring  about  many  results. 

At  present  we  have  two  field  meetings  dur- 
ing the  year,  one  in  the  fall  and  the  other  in 
the  spring,  a  good  track,  and  every  inducement, 
it  would  seem,  for  men  to  try  to  win  prizes; 
but  the  great  difficulty  has  always  been  to  get 
enough  men  to  train  for  the  different  events  to 
make  them  interesting,  either  on  account  of 
closeness  in  the  result,  or  by  reason  of  the  es- 

101 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

pecially  good  records  made.  Very  seldom  do 
we  have  the  pleasure  of  seeing  either  of  these 
results. 

Now,  what  induces  men  to  train  so  well  and 
faithfully  for  the  Football  Team,  Crew,  or  Base- 
ball Nine?  Simply  the  desire  to  beat  Yale. 
Would  not  they  train  equally  well  for  our  ath- 
letic sports  if  they  were  to  try  against  Yale 
there  too?  It  seems  probable  that  the  mere 
desire  to  win  from  Yale  is  all  that  is  now 
needed  to  make  our  athletic  meetings  a  com- 
plete success. 

The  plan  proposed  is  for  one  college  to  send 
a  team  to  compete  in  the  sports  of  the  other. 
For  example:  Let  Harvard  send  ten  men  to 
Yale  in  the  fall,  and  Ylale  send  ten  men  there  in 
the  spring. 

It  seems  clearly  that  this  would  be  just  the 
impetus  which  would  make  our  sports  what 
they  should  be.  The  number  of  spectators 
would  be  much  greater,  many  men  would  train 
for  the  events,  better  time  would  be  made,  and 
our  athletic  sports  would  take  their  place  with 
football  and  baseball ;  and  more  important  than 
all,  we  should  not  see  our  events  filled  by  men 
who  had  no  previous  training,  and  only  entered 
to  "fill  up."  'V  R. 

102 


COLLEGE  EDITORIALS 
FOOTBALL  AT  OTHER  COLLEGES. 

The  football  season  has  now  fairly  opened, 
and  it  is  well  to  take  a  glance  at  what  our  rivals 
are  doing.  Yale  has  lost  Thompson,  who  has 
twice  turned  the  scales  against  us;  but  other- 
wise her  team  will  probably  be  much  the  same 
as  last  year's,  and  there  is  plenty  of  good 
material  from  which  to  fill  the  vacancies. 
Captain  Camp  has  already  begun  to  put  his 
men  into  regular  training,  running  them  in 
the  gymnasium.  Thirty  men  have  been  pledged 
to  play  against  the  team  every  afternoon,  and 
games  will  probably  be  played  with  both  Am- 
herst  and  Trinity;  so  that  there  will  be  no 
danger  of  her  men  suffering  from  lack  of  prac- 
tice. At  present  it  hardly  seems  as  if  the  team 
would  be  as  good  as  last  year's,  but  their  play- 
ing is  improving  every  day,  and  nothing  but 
very  hard  work  will  enable  our  men  to  win 
the  victory. 

Princeton  will  undoubtedly  have  a  good, 
team,  although  the  lower  classes  do  not  seem 
to  possess  very  good  material  from  which  to 
choose;  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  in 
Princeton,  where  there  is  no  crew,  all  the  best 
men  go  out  on  the  football  field,  and  work  with 
103 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

a  faithfulness  not  very  common  at  Harvard. 
At  Cornell  there  has  been  some  talk  of  or- 
ganizing a  team,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  it  can  be 
done  this  year.  What  Columbia  will  do,  it  is 
difficult  to  say.  On  the  whole  the  prospect 
should  be  by  no  means  discouraging  to  us. 
We  certainly  have  'good  teams  to  fight  against 
us;  but  there  is  plenty  of  excellent  material 
in  College,  and  our  captain  deserves  most 
hearty  praise,  whatever  be  the  result,  for  the 
pains  he  has  taken,  not  only  in  keeping  the 
men  at  work  on  the  field,  but  in  running  them 
on  the  track  every  afternoon.  What  is  most 
necessary  is,  that  every  man  should  realize 
the  necessity  of  faithful  and  honest  work,  every 
afternoon,  .Last  year  we  had  good  individual 
players  but  they  did  not  work  together  nearly 
as  well  as  the  Princeton  team,  and  were  not  in 
as  good  condition  as  the  Yale  men.  The  foot- 
ball season  is  short ;  and  while  it  does  last,  the 
men  ought  to  work  faithfully,  if  they  expect 
to  win  back  for  Harvard  the  position  she  held 
three  years  ago. 

R. 


£ 


APPENDIX 


ROOSEVELT'S 
COLLEGE  COURSES 


FRESHMAN  YEAR. 
(Courses  all  prescribed) 

Classical  Literature  —  Twenty  lectures.  One 
a  week.  Assistant  Professor  Everett. 

Greek  —  Lysias  (select  orations)  ;  Plato  (Apol- 
ogy and  Crito)  ;  Euripedes  (one  play) ; 
Homer  (Odyssey,  Books  V,  VI,  VII, 
IX,  and  XI) ;  Goodwin's  Greek  Moods 
and  Tenses ;  Unprepared  translation  and 
composition;  Selections  from  Grote's 
History  of  Greece,  to  illustrate  the 
authors  read.  Three  times  a  week. 
Messrs.  J.  W.  White  and  Croswell. 

Latin  — Livy  (Books  XXI,  XXII);  Horace 
(Odes  and  Epodes)  ;  Cicero;  Merivale's 
General  History  of  Rome  (chaps.  XLII- 
LIII;  extemporaneous  translations  and 
composition.  Three  times  a  week.  As- 
sistant Professors  Everett  and  Smith 
and  Mr.  Gould. 

German  —  Peissner's  Grammar;  Joynes's  Ot- 

107 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

to's  Reader;  German  stories.  Three 
times  a  week.  Messrs.  Faulhaber  and 
Emerton. 

Mathematics  —  (advanced  sections)  Solid  Ge- 
ometry (Chauvenet)  ;  Plane  Trigonome- 
try (Chauvenet);  Analytic  Geometry 
(Peck).  Three  times  a  week  in  the 
first  half-year  and  after  May  i,  twice  a 
week  in  second  half-year  till  May  i. 
Assistant  Professor  Byerly  and  Mr. 
Briggs.  Algebra  (Todhunter).  Once  a 
week  from  the  beginning  of  the  second 
half-year  till  May  i.  Assistant  Profes- 
sor C.  J.  White. 

Physics  —  Chamber's  Matter  and  Motion; 
Goodeve's  Mechanics  (selections). 
Twice  a  week.  Mr.  Wilson. 

Chemistry  —  Elementary  Chemistry  (24  lec- 
tures.) Once  a  week.  Professor  Cooke. 

SOPHOMORE  YEAR. 
Prescribed  Courses. 

Rhetoric  —  Hill's  Principles  of  Rhetoric  and 
Punctuation;  Abbott's  How  to  Write 
Clearly.  Twice  a  week.  Professor  A.  S. 

108 


APPENDIX 

Hill  and  Mr.  Ware.     Six  themes.     Mr. 
Perry. 

History  —  Freeman's  Outlines  of  General  His- 
tory (to  p.  272)  ;  Flander's  Exposition 
of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States ; 
Ewald's  The  Crown  and  its  Advisers. 
Twice  a  week.  Mr.  Macvane. 

Elective  Courses. 

German  IV  —  Scientific  Prose.  Twice  a  week. 
Mr.  Hodges. 

German  V  —  Composition  and  Oral  Exercises. 
Once  a  week.  Assistant  Professor  Bart- 
lett. 

French  IV  —  Litterature  francaise  au  XVII 
erne  siecle.  Themes.  Three  times  a 
week.  Assistant  Professor  Jacquinot. 

Natural  History  III  —  Comparative  Anatomy 
and  Physiology  of  Vertebrates.  Three 
times  a  week.  Assistant  Professor  James. 

Natural  History  VIII  —  Elementary  Botany. 
Gray's  Structural  and  Systematic  Bot- 
any. Three  times  a  week.  Assistant 
Professor  Goodale. 


109 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

JUNIOR  YEAR. 
Prescribed  Courses. 

English  —  Six  Themes.  Professor  Hill  and 
Messrs.  Ware  and  Perry.  Four  Forensic 
Themes.  Assistant  Professor  Palmer. 

Philosophy  —  Jevon's  Logic.  Twice  a  week 
for  a  half  year.  Professor  Peabody. 
Metaphysics;  Ferrier's  Lectures  on  the 
Greek  Philosophy.  Twice  a  week  for 
a  half  year.  Assistant  Professor  Pal- 
mer. 

Elective  Courses. 

1 

German  VIII  —  Richter;  Goethe  (Faust  and 
Aus  meinem  Leben) ;  German  lyrics ; 
Composition.  Three  times  a  week. 
Professor  Hedge. 

Italian  I  —  G.  Gozzi  (L'Osservatore)  ;  Silvio 
Pellico  (Le  Mie  Prigoni) ;  Toscani's 
Grammar;  Prose  Composition  Three 
times  a  week.  Mr.  Bendelari. 

Philosophy  VI  —  Political  Economy;  J.  S. 
Mill's  Political  Economy ;  Financial  Leg- 
islation of  the  United  States.  Three 
times  a  week.  Professor  Dunbar  and 
Dr.  Laughlin. 

no 


APPENDIX 

Natural  History  I  —  Physical  Geography,  Met- 

erology,  and  Structural  Geology.    Twice 

a  week.    Mr.  Davis. 
Natural    History    III  —  Zoology    (elementary 

course).    Three    times    a    week.      Dr. 

Mark. 

SENIOR  YEAR. 
Prescribed  Course. 

English  —  Four  Forensic  Themes.  Professor 
Peabody. 

Elective  Courses. 

Italian  II  —  A.  Manzoni  (I  Promessi  Sposi)  ; 
Modern  Plays ;  Alfieri ;  Torquato  Tasso ; 
Syntax  and  Prose  Composition.  Three 
times  a  week.  Assistant  Professor  Nash. 

Political  Economy  III  —  Cairnes's  Leading 
Principles  of  Political  Economy;  Mc- 
Leod's  Elements  of  Banking;  Bastiat's 
Harmonies  Economiques ;  Lectures. 
Three  times  a  week.  Professor  Dunbar. 

Natural  History  IV  —  Geology.  Three  times 
a  week.  Professor  Shaler  and  Mr.  Da- 
vis. 

Natural  History  VI  — Advanced  Zoology. 
Three  times  a  week.  Dr.  Faxon. 

ill 


CLASS  OF  1880 


Allen,  Frederick  Hobbs 
Allen,   Russell   Carpenter 
Alley,  Wiliam  Henry 
Almy,  Frederic 
Andrews,  William  Shankland 
Atwood,  Charles  Edward 
Bacon,  Robert 
Baldwin,  Henry  Cutler 
Barrows,  Morton 
Barstow,  Henry  Taylor 
Bartlett,  Nathaniel  Cilley 
Beale,  Charles  Frederic  Tiffany 
Bement,  Gerard 
Benton,  Charles  Horace 
Billings,  Sherard 
Bishop,  Robert  Roberts 
Bissell,  Herbert  Porter 
Blair,  Charles  Bwiton 
Blodgett,  William  Tilden 

112 


APPENDIX 

Bond,  Hugh  Lennox 

Bracket*,  Frank  Herbert 

Bradford,  Russell 

Bradley,  Charles  Wesley 

Breed,  Amos  Franklin 

Brigham,  Clifford 

Brigham,  Nat  Maymard 

Brown,  Louis  Mayo 

Buckley,  Philip  Townsend 

Butler,  George  Minot 

Cabot,  Francis  Elliot, 

Carpenter,  Frank  Oliver 

Carruth,  Ignatius  Sumner 

Chapin,  Henry  Bainbridge 

Chapman,  Charles  Henry 

Chase,  George  Thorndike 

Clark,  William  Bradford 

Cole,  Walter 

Collison,  Harvey  Newton 

Cook,  William  Hoff 

Davis,  Charles  Stevenson 

Doane,  John 

Dodd,  Edwin  Merrick 

Dodge,  Frank  Faden 

Dwight,  Jonathan 

Eaton,  Arthur  Wentworth  Hamilton 

Edwards,  Pierrepont 

"3 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

Ellis,  Ralph  Nicholson 
Eustis,  Herbert  Hall 
Fessenden,  James  Deering 
Field,  James  Bnainerd 
Fish,  Charles  Everett 
Foster,  Charles  Chauncey 
Fowler,  Harold  Nlorth 
French,  Henry  Gardner 
Fuller,  Eugene 
Gardiner,  Frederic 
Gaston,  William  Alexander 
Geddes,  James 
Gest,  Joseph  He,nry 
Gilbert,  Samuel  Cotton 
Gilley,  Frank  Milton 
Gilman,  John  Bradley 
Gooch,  William  Wallace 
Greeley,  Louis  May 
Griswold,  George 
Guild,  Henry  Eliot 
Hale,  Arthur 
Hall,  Arthur  Lawrence 
Hall,  Frederic  Bound 
Hall,  William  Dudley 
Hanscom,  Arthur  Lee 
Harrison,  Mitchell 
Hart,  Albert  Bushnell 

u4 


APPENDIX 


Hatch,  George  Baptiste 
Hawes,  Edward  Southworth 
Henderson,  Harold  Gould 
Hibbard,  George  Abiah 
Hills,  William  Henry 
Hines,  Fletcher  Stephen 
Hobbs,  Charles  Austin 
Hooper,  William 
Houston,  John  Wesley 
Howe,  James  Torrey 
Huidekoper,  Frank  Colhoon 
Hurst,  Arthur 
Jackson,  Henry 

Johnson,  Laurence  Henry  Hitch 
Jones,  Henry  Champion 
Jordan,  Frederick  Dolbier 

Keene,  Francis  Bowler 

Kelly,  George  Reed 

Kenneson,  Thaddeus  Davis 

Kent,  Percy 

Kilburn,  Henry  Whitman 

Lamson,  John  Lamson 

Lea,  Arthur  Henry 

Learned,  William  Pollock 

Lester,  James  Louis 

Lum,  Edward  Harris 

March,  Charles  Dudley 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

Merrill,  George  White 
Messervy,  George  Passarow 
Miller,  Andrew 
Moors,  Arthur  Wendell 
Morgan,  Charles 
Morrison,  Sanford 
Morss,  Charles  Henry 
Mould,  David 
Muzzey,  Austin  Kent 
Nkkerson,  Thomas  White 
Norton,  Charles  Phelps 
O'Callaghan,  William  Francis 
O'KeefeJohn  Aloysius 
Opdycke  Leonard  Eckstein 
Parker,  Charles  Albert 
Pellew,  Wiliam  George 
Penjiypacker,  James  Lane 
Perry,  Arthur 
Perry,  George  Murdock 
Perry,  Herbert  Mills 
Peters,  George  Gorham 
Pew,  William  Andrews 
Pilsbury,  Ernest  Henry 
Price,  Wesley  Frank 
Quincy,  Josiah 
Rand,  Harry  Seaton 
Ranlett,  Frederick  Jordan 

116 


APPENDIX 


Rhett,  Walter  Horton 
Richardson,  William  King 
Rollins,  Frank  Blair 
Roosevelt,  Theodore 
Russell,  Eugene  Dexter 
Saltonstall,  Richard  Middlecott 
Sajnger,  Chester  Franklin 
Savage,  Henry  Wilson 
Sharon,  Frederick  William 
Sharp,  William  Beverly 
Shaw,  Henry  Russell 
Skinner,  Samuel  Wiggins 
Smith,  Frederick  Mears 
Smith,  Walter  Allen 
Stevens,  William  Stanford 
Stow,  Vanderlynn 
Suire,  Frank  Overton 
Talbott,  William  Houston 
Taylor,  Arthur 
Taylor,  William  George 
Tebbets,  John  Sever 
Thomson,  John  Jacob 
Tiffany,  Walter  Checkley 
Townsend,  Howard 
Trimble,  Richard 
Tupper,  Frederic  Allison 
Turpin,  Bradford  Strong 

117 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

Wakefield,  John  Lathrop 
Ware,  Charles 
Warren,  Charles  Everett 
Washburn,  Charles  Grenfill 
Webb,  Henry  Randall 
Weimer,  Albert  Barnes 
Weld,  Christopher  Minot 
Welling,  Richard  Ward  Greene 
Wheelan,  Fairfax  Henry 
Whitcomb,  Silas  Merrick 
White,  Franklin  Davis 
White,  William  Howard 
Whiting,  Frederick  Erwin 
Wilkinson,  Alfred 
Williams,  Otto  Holland 
Winlock,  William  Crawford 
Winsor,  Robert 
Woodbury,  John 


118 


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